Evolution of provisions relating to violence against women in South Africa’s Traditional Courts Bill

Evolution of provisions relating to violence against women in South Africa’s Traditional Courts Bill

Author Monica de Souza Louw

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: LLB LLM (University of Cape Town); Deputy Director, Land and Accountability Research Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town.
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 87 – 134

Abstract

Three versions of the Traditional Courts Bill (TCB) have been tabled before Parliament in the last two decades. Each version has raised questions about its impact on womens experiences in customary law dispute resolution forums and whether sufficient protection is being provided for womens rights. Concerns relate to the subject matter dealt with in traditional courts, the extent to which womens voices are heard and taken seriously, and the impact on women of processes used to resolve disputes, including whether there are avenues for accountability. This article describes the evolution of the TCBs approach to these matters with particular reference to women who have experienced violence or threats of violence and are involved in traditional court processes. The drafting process that occurred after the lapsing of the 2012 TCB version, and which gave rise to the 2017 TCB version, is highlighted. The analysis suggests a correlation between the prevailing gender dynamics within a particular drafting forum and the treatment of womens concerns in the TCBs provisions. Yet the TCB, and customary law more generally, could play an important role in protecting women from violence and providing appropriate recourse. It is therefore argued that the TCB law-making process must take public participation seriously and incorporate sincere efforts to build on womens experiences of traditional courts and violence.

Gender construction in sexual offences cases: A case for fully reviving the Sexual Offences Courts

Gender construction in sexual offences cases: A case for fully reviving the Sexual Offences Courts

Authors Karin Chinnian and Aamina Petersen

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminal Justice and Procedure, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape; Lecturer, Department of Criminal Justice and Procedure, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape.
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 135 – 164

Abstract

Gender inequality, male hegemony and the power dynamics at the core of patriarchal society enable the high rate of sexual offences and the low conviction rate of sexual offenders when incidents are reported. The criminal justice system does not provide a safe space for the sexual offence victim/survivor to relate her experience of sexual violence. Sexual Offences Courts provided a victim-centred approach to the criminal justice system. The closure of these courts has been detrimental to the campaign for social justice and the constitutional rights of complainants. Feminist scholarship is employed as a lens through which to analyse and expose the deficiencies in the current framework used to secure convictions in sexual offences cases. Wishiks development and expansion of the woman question is used to refine this method, subquestions are formulated to provide a systematic process for interrogating the status quo, and for finding remedies to redress the problems identified. The closure of Sexual Offences Courts may be seen as a form of discrimination against women. It is therefore recommended that these specialised courts are reintroduced as a matter of urgency as the state needs to meet its constitutional obligations.

A crisis of violence against women: Has South Africa fulfilled its obligations in terms of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women?

A crisis of violence against women: Has South Africa fulfilled its obligations in terms of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women?

Author Samantha Barkley

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: BA LLB LLM (Wits); Associate Lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand.
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 165 – 196

Abstract

Gender discrimination in South Africa is both a historical phenomenon and a current experience. Women continue to be unfairly treated, they are regarded as inferior to men, and they are subjected to violence. This contribution seeks to examine South Africas fulfilment of its obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). In terms of this Convention, South Africa is obliged to take appropriate measures to eliminate all discrimination against women. In light of these obligations, domestic law has been enacted to address the inequality and discrimination experienced by women, particularly as a result of violence. This article shows that, despite the countrys international obligations, and the subsequent enactment of domestic legislation, the problems of gender inequality and discrimination persist. Gaps in the enforcement of legislation remain. As a result, women in South Africa are further disempowered. However, womens movements have contributed to securing womens rights and they play a key role in ensuring the implementation of these rights. By relying on CEDAW, womens movements and activists are able to hold government and its institutions accountable for their obligations under CEDAW, which, most importantly, are gender equality and non-discrimination. South Africa may also be commended for taking steps to enact domestic legislation aimed at articulating gender equality and nondiscrimination. Such legislation provides the mechanisms and means to prohibit harmful and discriminatory practices relating to violence against women. However, the inclusion of such rights and to a great extent their enforcement may be attributed to womens movements and gender activists.

Does Africa need a regional treaty on violence against women? A comparative analysis of normative standards in three regional human rights systems

Does Africa need a regional treaty on and violence against women? A comparative analysis of normative standards in three regional human rights systems

Author Rashida Manjoo and Ruth Nekura

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Professor of Public Law at the University of Cape Town, former UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences; PhD (UCT); human rights and gender equality consultant, Kenya.
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 197 – 226

Abstract

This article considers the utility of a specific treaty on violence against women (VAW) in Africa in line with relevant binding regional frameworks in the Inter-American and European human rights systems. It situates the discussion on VAW within a human rights analysis, applying a critical lens to existing normative frameworks and monitoring mechanisms. The article offers a comparative perspective through an overview of the legally binding provisions and implementing mechanisms in three human rights systems, the African, European and Inter-American systems. It is argued that while the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Maputo Protocol) has provisions on the elimination of VAW, the Protocols weaknesses invite us to consider a specific VAW treaty for Africa, as an opportunity for strengthening the regional human rights system.

Refugee women as victims of intimate partner violence: Forever vulnerable?

Refugee women as victims of intimate partner violence: Forever vulnerable?

Authors Fatima Khan, Cecile Sackeyfio and Liliya Paraketsova

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Associate Professor in Law and Director of the Refugee Rights Unit, University of Cape Town; Researcher, Refugee Rights Unit, University of Cape Town; Clara Belfield and Henry Bates Overseas Fellow, Refugee Rights Unit, University of Cape Town.
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 227 – 266

Abstract

Gender-based violence against refugees has received increasing attention over the last two decades. However, the tendency worldwide, as well as in South Africa, has been to focus on truly horrific and culturally grotesque acts while ignoring the more invisible forms of gender-based violence. The tendency to focus on the conditions of the country of origin, rather than individual cases, can hinder womens access to asylum on the ground of intimate partner violence if their country of origin is hailed as having a more progressive approach to womens rights. This article seeks to bring the more invisible harm to the fore and will focus on intimate partner violence affecting female refugees in their countries of origin and in their host country, South Africa. We make recommendations for South Africa to recognise intimate partner violence as a valid asylum claim, to tailor effective services for female refugees who are victims of intimate partner violence in South Africa, and to fulfil its international and domestic legal obligations to refugee women by adopting a transformative reparations framework.

The bloody rainbow: The creation of the second closet – Lesbian Blackwomxn, intimate partner violence and third parties’ responses

The bloody rainbow: The creation of the second closet – Lesbian Blackwomxn, intimate partner violence and third parties’ responses

Authors Lethabo Mailula and Letlhogonolo Mokgoroane

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: LLB LLM (University of Pretoria); LLB (University of Stellenbosch) LLM (University of California).
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 267 – 286

Abstract

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an epidemic that is often viewed through the singular lens of heterosexuality. The discourse about IPV and mechanisms to combat IPV are heteronormative in nature and erase the experiences of queer persons in relationships and the manner in which violence manifests in these relationships. This paper explores third party responses to IPV in lesbian relationships. This violence is informed by heteropatriarchial attitudes and is re-enacted by third party responders, which has the effect of silencing survivors of same-sex IPV. The conceptualisation of the second closet emerges from this phenomenon.

For lesbians, keeping secrets about abuse in our relationships is also linked to homophobia and heterosexism: it is still risky for some of us to be out, and it can be dangerous to reveal abuse within an already oppressive context.

Violence against women in South Africa: Perspectives from a mental health context

Violence against women in South Africa: Perspectives from a mental health context

Author Zareena Parker

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Clinical psychologist, Lentegeur Psychiatric Hospital; Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town.
Source: Acta Juridica, 2020, p. 287 – 311

Abstract

Violence against women and children remains a pervasive human rights violation in South Africa, despite laws and policies aimed at preventing violence and advocating for the protection of the rights and dignity of women. The impact of violence on South African society and on womens mental health and quality of life is significantly encountered in mental health contexts where many women present for psychiatric and psychological treatment. This discursive article presents a mental health practitioners perspective and highlights experiences of working therapeutically with female victim-survivors of violence in a psychiatric hospital in the Western Cape. I argue for greater intersectoral collaboration and responsive partnerships between mental health services, non-governmental organisations, legal centres, the criminal justice system and civil society. Further recommendations are made to challenge discriminatory practices and attitudes, and to strengthen violence prevention initiatives to enable the empowerment and safety of women in South African society.

The dialectic between people and the State regarding free disposal of natural resources on the African continent / La dialectique entre le peuple et l’Etat en matière de libre disposition des ressources naturelles sur le continent africain

The dialectic between people and the State regarding free disposal of natural resources on the African continent / La dialectique entre le peuple et l’Etat en matière de libre disposition des ressources naturelles sur le continent africain

Author: Arnaud Lebreton

ISSN: 1821-8962
Affiliations: Docteur en droit
Source: Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021, p. 1-57
https://doi.org/10.47348/AUCIL/2021/a1

Abstract

La question de la gestion des ressources naturelles sur le continent africain, souvent présenté comme victime d’une « malédiction de l’abondance »1, renvoie irrémédiablement à un principe cardinal du droit international contemporain dont le caractère coutumier a récemment été confirmé par la Cour internationale de justice2. Forgé à partir de 1952 sous l’impulsion de certains États d’Amérique latine et réaffirmé par de nombreuses résolutions des Nations unies, le principe de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles eut pour effet de mettre en lumière la complexité des relations entre la souveraineté et l’exploitation des ressources du sol et du sous-sol situées sur le territoire de chaque État. Bien qu’il soit devenu courant d’analyser le principe sous un angle strictement historique, lié au processus de récupération des ressources naturelles mené par les États nouvellement indépendants dans le courant des années 1960 et 1970, il ne semble pas avisé de le considérer comme tombé en désuétude. Au contraire, les politiques conduites dernièrement par plusieurs États africains en vue de se « réapproprier »3 leurs ressources naturelles montrent que les États entendent toujours se prévaloir de ce principe par le truchement d’une renégociation des contrats conclus avec des entreprises étrangères ou, a fortiori, en ayant recours à la nationalisation.

Permanent sovereignty over natural resources and investor-state dispute settlement in Africa / Souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et accord des différends entre investisseur et État en Afrique

Permanent sovereignty over natural resources and investor-state dispute settlement in Africa / Souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et accord des différends entre investisseur et État en Afrique

Author: Kehinde Folake Olaoye

ISSN: 1821-8962
Affiliations: Post-doctoral researcher at the City University of Hong Kong.
Source: Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021, p. 58-101
https://doi.org/10.47348/AUCIL/2021/a2

Abstract

In 1962, newly independent African states voted overwhelming in support of United Nations (UN) General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII) on ‘Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources’ (PSNR). This resolution emerged mainly in response to concerns about the protection of foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic development in developing countries. Although substantial legal scholarship has focused on PSNR, few studies have focused on conceptualising PSNR and investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) in Africa. This paper intends to fill this important research gap, by conceptualising PSNR as a threepronged principle that protects the rights of the state, investors and citizens. This paper examines the evolution of PSNR in the context of investment law in Africa through a textual analysis of treaty language in African investment treaties and as interpreted in natural resource-related investor-state disputes. This paper also examines the significance of Tanzania’s recently enacted Natural Wealth and Resources (Permanent Sovereignty) Act, 2017 (Sovereignty Act). The paper’s textual analysis reveals that unlike what is envisaged under Resolution 1803, dispute settlement clauses in treaties signed by African states do not provide for the exhaustion of local remedies. This paper argues that to attain ‘sustainable sovereignty’ over natural resources, African states must recognise the core of foreign investment protection law: pacta sunt servanda. Although the ‘new generation’ treaties constitute positive steps, to fully attain transformed development through the sustainable use of natural resources (as envisaged in Agenda 2063) treaty reform must be backed by good governance, informed natural resource investment contracts, the rule of law, and intra-regional investment.

 

En 1962, les États africains nouvellement indépendants ont favorablement et massivement voté la Résolution 1803 (XVII) de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (ONU), sur la « souveraineté permanente des ressources naturelles » (SPRN). Cette Résolution a été adoptée en réponse aux préoccupations concernant la protection des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) et le développement économique des pays en voie de développement. Bien que le SPRN ait fait l’objet d’importantes études juridiques, peu d’études ont porté sur la conceptualisation des SPRN et les accords sur les différends entre investisseurs et États (ADIE) en Afrique. Cet article vise à combler cet important vide dans la recherche en conceptualisant les SPRN comme un principe à trois volets qui protège les droits de l’État, des investisseurs et des citoyens. Cet article analyse l’évolution des SPRN dans le contexte du droit à l’investissement en Afrique par une analyse textuelle du langage des traités dans les traités d’investissement africains et tel qu’interprété dans les différends entre investisseurs et États en relation avec les ressources naturelles. Cet article examine également l’importance de la récente promulgation en Tanzanie de la loi sur les Richesses et Ressources Naturelles (Souveraineté Permanente) de 2017 (Loi sur la Souveraineté). L’analyse textuelle de cet article révèle que contrairement à ce qui est envisagé dans la Résolution 1803, les clauses de règlement des différends contenues dans les traités signés par les États africains ne prévoient pas l’épuisement des recours internes. Cet article soutient que pour parvenir à la « souveraineté durable » sur les ressources naturelles, les États africains doivent reconnaître l’essence de la loi sur la protection des investissements étrangers : pacta sunt servanda. Bien que les traités de la « nouvelle génération » constituent des étapes positives pour parvenir à un développement pleinement transformé grâce à l’utilisation durable des ressources naturelles (comme prévu dans l’Agenda 2063), la réforme des traités doit être soutenue par une bonne gouvernance, des contrats réfléchis relatifs aux ressources naturelles, l’État de droit et les investissements intra régionaux.

The use of natural resources to influence state recognition: Africa as a laboratory / L’utilisation des ressources naturelles pour influencer la reconnaissance de l’État : l’Afrique comme laboratoire

The use of natural resources to influence state recognition: Africa as a laboratory / L’utilisation des ressources naturelles pour influencer la reconnaissance de l’État : l’Afrique comme laboratoire

Author: Michael J. Strauss

ISSN: 1821-8962
Affiliations: Professor, Centre d’Etudes Diplomatiques et Stratégiques, Paris; Instructor, Université Paris Descartes (Paris 5).
Source: Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021, p. 102-130
https://doi.org/10.47348/AUCIL/2021/a3

Abstract

The recognition of states is a critical feature of international law, defining the actors that are subject to it and conferring rights and duties related to their interactions with other states. This recognition is traditionally based on criteria that are deemed essential for a state to exist, even if political factors often play a role. In recent years, it has become apparent that state recognition and de-recognition is sometimes linked to the recognising state’s future access to natural resources found on the territory of the state whose sovereignty is being recognised there. Although this phenomenon is not openly stated, the evidence is circumstantial but abundant, and Africa is at the centre of it. This makes the continent a laboratory for the practice and its consequences, not only for the states involved but also for the broader recognition process. This phenomenon seems to be occurring in two ways. The first way in which this happens is when states use their capacity to produce natural resources that other states need in order to obtain concessions from those states in the form of recognitions of sovereignty over the territory involved. An example is Morocco and its enormous phosphate reserves: various African states that need phosphate for food production have de-recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as an independent state, while recognising Moroccan sovereignty over the same territory – the former Spanish Sahara. The other way in which this happens is illustrated by China’s investments in numerous African countries. The exploitation of natural resources that can be exported to China has been the primary motive for such investments. Some African states that have sought to attract investments have derecognised Taiwan and have recognised China’s sovereignty over the island. This paper describes and assesses the apparent links between African natural resources and the forces that influence state recognition, with a view to identifying the consequences for Africa and for states around the world more generally.

 

La reconnaissance des États est une caractéristique essentielle du droit international ; définir les acteurs qui y sont soumis et leur conférer des droits et obligations liés à leurs interactions avec d’autres États. Cette reconnaissance est traditionnellement basée sur des critères jugés essentiels à l’existence d’un État, même si parfois les facteurs politiques jouent un rôle. Ces dernières années, il est devenu évident que la reconnaissance et le désaveu d’un État sont parfois liés à l’accès futur de l’État reconnu aux ressources naturelles trouvées sur le territoire de l’État dont la souveraineté y est reconnue. Bien que ce phénomène n’est pas clairement/ouvertement déclaré, la preuve est circonstancielle mais abondante, et l’Afrique en est le centre. Cela fait du continent un laboratoire pour la pratique et ses conséquences, non seulement pour les États concernés mais aussi en général pour le processus de reconnaissance. Ce phénomène semble se produire de deux façons. La première façon dont cela se produit est lorsque les États utilisent leur capacité à produire lesº ressources naturelles dont d’autres ont besoin enfin d’obtenir des concessions de ces États sous la forme de la reconnaissance de souveraineté sur le territoire concerné. Le Maroc avec ses énormes réserves de phosphate en est un exemple : divers États africains qui ont besoin de phosphate pour la production alimentaire ont désavoué la République arabe sahraouie démocratique comme un État indépendant tout en reconnaissant la souveraineté marocaine sur le même territoire – l’ancien Sahara espagnol. L’autre manière dont cela se produit est illustrée par l’investissement chinois dans beaucoup de pays africains. Cette exploitation des ressources naturelles que la Chine peux exporter est le principal motif de ces investissements, car certains États africains qui cherchent à attirer les investissements ont désavoué Taiwan et ont reconnu la souveraineté de la Chine sur le l’île. Cette article décrit et analyse les liens apparents entre les ressources naturelles africaines et les forces qui influencent la reconnaissance de l’État, dans un but d’identifier les conséquences pour l’Afrique et les États du monde en général.