Companies convicted of economic crimes and their participation in government tender processes in South Africa: A comment on Namasthethu electrical (PTY) LTD v City of Cape Town and another (201/19) [2020] ZASCA 74 (29 JUNE 2020)

Companies convicted of economic crimes and their participation in government tender processes in South Africa: A comment on Namasthethu electrical (PTY) LTD v City of Cape Town and another (201/19) [2020] ZASCA 74 (29 JUNE 2020)

Author: Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape.
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 1, p. 102 – 122
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i1a4

Abstract

In South Africa, persons or companies convicted of fraud or corruption or companies whose directors have been convicted are debarred from participating in bidding for government tenders. Although it is easy to establish whether or not a natural person has been convicted of an offence, because a certificate can be obtained from the South African Police Service to that effect, it is the opposite with juristic persons. This issue came up in the case of Namasthethu Electrical (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Another in which the appellant company was awarded a government tender although the company and its former director had been convicted of fraud and corruption. The purpose of this article is to analyse this judgment and show the challenges that the government is faced with when dealing with companies that have been convicted of offences that bid for government tenders. Because South Africa is in the process of enacting public procurement legislation, the Public Procurement Bill was published for comment in early 2020. One of the issues addressed in the Bill relates to debarring bidders who have been convicted of some offences from bidding for government tenders. Based on the facts of this case and legislation from other African countries, the author suggests ways in which the provisions of the Bill could be strengthened to address this issue.

Book Review: Jurisprudence: Theory and context 8 ed by Brian Bix, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2019

Book Review: Jurisprudence: Theory and context 8 ed by Brian Bix, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2019

Author: Edmund Ato Kwaw

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape.
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 1, p. 123 – 126
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i1a5

Abstract

None

The Economy in the Constitution: An Appraisal of Kenya’s 2010 Constitution as an Economic Charter

The Economy in the Constitution: An Appraisal of Kenya’s 2010 Constitution as an Economic Charter

Author: Eric Kibet

ISSN: 2521-5434
Affiliations: LLD (Pretoria), LLM (Boston College), LLB (Nairobi), Advocate of the High Court of Kenya and Assistant Professor, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya
Source: Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law, 2020, p. 1 – 30
https://doi.org/10.47348/AJCL/2020/a1

Abstract

The idea of constitutions as instruments of political governance or ‘power maps’ is well established. Constitutions set down the foundation for political governance, establish organs of the state, allocate them power, define their relationships inter se, and most importantly, limit public power. The conception of constitutions as instruments of economic governance has not received as much scholarly attention. The lack of constitutionalism and rule of law has tended to coexist with poor economic prospects in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa, suggesting a link between them. This has made the question of whether constitutions and the idea of constitutionalism can contribute to better economic governance besides political governance, more important. While it cannot be assumed that the stipulations in a constitution on economic governance automatically translate into good governance and economic growth, such provisions are nonetheless important as they provide an encouraging impetus for sound economic governance that is indispensable in achieving growth and development. This article appraises Kenya’s Constitution as an economic charter that dedicates significant attention to regulating economic affairs through setting a foundation for the country’s economic orientation, protecting private property and enterprise, securing the rule of law and good governance, including economic governance, and making provisions on other economic concerns such as labour relations, consumer protection and competition.

The Role of Founding Values and Principles in Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation: Lessons for Zimbabwe

The Role of Founding Values and Principles in Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation: Lessons for Zimbabwe

Author: Admark Moyo and Basutu S Makwaiba

ISSN: 2521-5434
Affiliations: None
Source: Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law, 2020, p. 31 – 58
https://doi.org/10.47348/AJCL/2020/a2

Abstract

This article explores the role of constitutional values and principles in statutory and constitutional analysis. Given that the exact meaning of these values and principles remains largely unexplored, the article starts by explaining the differences between these terms and argues that these differences are not important for purposes of determining the role of values and principles in the interpretation of legal texts. In addition, the article examines the meaning and scope of the teleological theory of interpretation which forms the philosophical basis of a value-laden approach to constitutional and statutory analysis. More importantly, the article proceeds to unpack the letter and reach of the constitutional provisions that explicitly require courts to pay due regard to values and principles when interpreting any part of the Declaration of Rights. Towards the end, the article demonstrates the role of values in both the interpretation of enactments and the development of the common law or customary law.

An Evaluation of the Enforcement of Fundamental Rights and the Controversy of Jurisdiction of the Federal and State High Courts in Nigeria

An Evaluation of the Enforcement of Fundamental Rights and the Controversy of Jurisdiction of the Federal and State High Courts in Nigeria

Author: Bo Alloh

ISSN: 2521-5434
Affiliations: LLB, LLM, BL, PhD, Lecturer, Acting Head, Department of Jurisprudence and International Law, Faculty of Law, Delta State University, Oleh Campus, Delta State, Nigeria.
Source: Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law, 2020, p. 59 – 78
https://doi.org/10.47348/AJCL/2020/a3

Abstract

This article examines the issue of jurisdiction between various high courts on the enforcement of fundamental rights in Nigeria. Fundamental rights are derived from the constitution and are expressly entrenched in the constitution of a country. They vary from one country to another and are specifically enacted in a country’s constitution in line with the history and culture of the country. In Nigeria, jurisdiction is vested in both State and Federal High Courts with respect to the enforcement of fundamental rights. However, the jurisdiction of the State High Courts is ousted and donated to the Federal High Courts, once a case on fundamental rights falls under section 251 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The researcher adopted the doctrinal method of research. The objective of this article is to reveal that the concurrent jurisdiction of both the Federal and State High Courts to hear and determine applications to secure the enforcement of fundamental rights has led to years of seemingly unsettled controversies, academically and procedurally. However, this controversy has been settled in the case of FUT Minna v Olutayo. This article concludes that the Supreme Court decision in the case of FUT Minna v Olutayo supports the realisation of the enforcement of fundamental rights in Nigeria.

A Reflection on Issues involved in the Exercise of the Power of the Attorney-General to enter A Nolle Prosequi under the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria

A Reflection on Issues involved in the Exercise of the Power of the Attorney-General to enter A Nolle Prosequi under the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria

Author: Dr Andrew Ejovwo Abuza

ISSN: 2521-5434
Affiliations: B.Sc (Hons); PGDE; MSc; LLB (Hons); LLM ; Ph.D (Law) and Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN) Certificate of Registration as a certified teacher. Senior Lecturer, Acting Head of Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Delta State University, Abraka (Oleh Campus), Nigeria and Principal of the Law firm of Abuza & Associates.
Source: Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law, 2020, p. 79 – 109
https://doi.org/10.47348/AJCL/2020/a4

Abstract

The 1999 Nigerian Constitution bestows on the Attorney-General the power to enter a nolle prosequi in criminal proceedings. This paper reflects on issues involved in the exercise of the constitutional power of nolle prosequi. The research methodology adopted is mainly doctrinal analysis of applicable primary and secondary sources. The paper finds that the exercise of the constitutional power of nolle prosequi for self-interest or political considerations of the Attorney-General is unconstitutional. The paper suggests the subjection of the exercise of the constitutional power of nolle prosequi to the permission of the court in line with the practice in other countries like the United States of America (USA) and Kenya.

Charles M Fombad and Nico Steytler, Corruption and Constitutionalism in Africa: Revisiting Control Measures and Strategies (Oxford University Press 2020)

Charles M Fombad and Nico Steytler, Corruption and Constitutionalism in Africa: Revisiting Control Measures and Strategies (Oxford University
Press 2020)

Author: Gaopalelwe Mathiba

ISSN: 2521-5434
Affiliations: Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Rhodes University; PhD Candidate (UCT); LLM cum
laude (UWC) and LLB (NWU)
Source: Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law, 2020, p. 111 – 119
https://doi.org/10.47348/AJCL/2020/a5

Abstract

None

Setting aside the (result of a) vote to reject a business rescue plan: mind the gaps when biting at the cherry!

Setting aside the (result of a) vote to reject a business rescue plan: mind the gaps when biting at the cherry!

Authors: P O’Brien and J Calitz

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor of Mercantile Law, University of Johannesburg; Associate Professor of Mercantile Law, University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 3, 2021, p. 409-435
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2021/i3a1

Abstract

Die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 skep ’n regsmiddel van laaste hulp wanneer daar nie genoeg steun van skuldeisers is om ’n sakereddingsplan te aanvaar nie. Dit verg ’n hofaansoek om (die uitslag van) ’n stemming waartydens die sakereddingsplan verwerp is, ter syde te stel. Daar is verskeie gapings in die wet wat die afdwinging van hierdie regsmiddel bemoeilik. Die vertolkingsprobleme wat vernaamlik in hierdie bydrae aangespreek word, is: Wat is die sneller vir die regsmiddel binne die konteks van die wet? Behels die regsmiddel dat die hof ’n diskresie uitoefen? Wat beteken die vereiste vir tersydestelling dat die stemming onvanpas was? Hoeveel faktore moet die hof volgens die wet in ag neem wanneer dit hierdie regsmiddel oorweeg? Wat is die vertolking van die drie faktore wat spesifiek in die wet genoem word wat oorweeg moet word, en in besonder sluit die eerste faktor die oorweging van goeie trou in? Met verwysing na watter tydstip moet oorweeg word of die stemming paslik was? Wat is die gevolge van die tersydestelling van (die uitslag van) die stemming? Wie moet as respondente gevoeg word tot ’n aansoek vir tersydestelling? Wat is die gevolg van die oënskynlike teenstrydigheid tussen die tersydestelling van die uitslag van ’n stemming, en die tersydestelling van ’n stemming, aangesien die wet beide uitdrukkings gebruik? Maak die regsmiddel dit moontlik dat die hof kan verklaar dat ’n sakereddingsplan soos gewysig deur die hof geag aanvaar te wees?

Daar word ook sydelings na moontlike grondwetlike kwessies verwys wat ter sprake kan kom by die regsmiddel. Terwyl verskeie van die leemtes wat deur die wetgewing gelaat is, gevul is deur die regspraak, was die wyse waarop dit gebeur het, in verskeie opsigte verrassend. Dit is veral ’n probleem dat benewens die drie faktore wat uitdruklik in die wet genoem word wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer die hof die regsmiddel oorweeg, die hoogste hof van appèl beslis het dat daarbenewens verdere faktore oorweeg moet word wat insluit dat die belange van alle belanghebbendes teen mekaar opgeweeg moet word. Dit behels potensieel die belange van ’n groot groep persone, insluitend die klante van die besigheid.

Dit is moeilik om te dink dat dit werkbaar by gebruik van die regsmiddel is om die belange van al hierdie persone in gedagte te hou. Daar bly ook ’n vraagteken hang oor die vraag of goeie trou oorweeg word wanneer die regsmiddel ter sprake kom, alhoewel daar sterk aanduidings is dat dit wel die geval is. Die bydrae moet saamgelees word met dié van ander kommentators wat uitwys hoe slordig hoofstuk 6 van die wet opgestel is en hoeveel leemtes dit het. Sakeredding is so ’n belangrike aangeleentheid dat hierdie hoofstuk van die wet die sosio-ekonomiese welstand van ons land in gedrang kan bring.

Digitisation and consumer law in South Africa and Africa

Digitisation and consumer law in South Africa and Africa

Author: S Eiselen

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor of Private Law, University of South Africa
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 3, 2021, p. 436-455
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2021/i3a2

Abstract

Die digitale revolusie tydens die laaste drie dekades het ’n enorme impak gemaak op die wyse waarop verbruikers en verskaffers tans optree. Hierdie ontwikkeling skep nou nuwe uitdagings vir verbruikersbeskerming en die regulering van verskaffers. Die verbruikersregbeskermingsmodel waarop bestaande verbruikersregwetgewing in Suid-Afrika en wêreldwyd geskoei is, moet opnuut in oënskou geneem word om te bepaal of dit nog in pas is met die eise van die internetverbruikerswêreld.

Die artikel skop af met ’n ontleding van die eienskappe van digitale verbruikers en die soort transaksies wat hulle sluit. Daar word ook daarop gewys hoe verskillende veilige betalingsmetodes bygedra het om die vertroue van verbruikers in internethandel te laat groei.

Die artikel ontleed die bestaande pogings om verbruikersreg wêreldwyd te harmonieer. Ten spyte van kulturele, sosiale en ekonomiese verskille bestaan daar nogtans ’n wye verskeidenheid van soortgelyke kwessies wat voorkom en wat vatbaar is vir harmoniëring. Dit is veral die geval met betrekking tot die kwessies wat internethandel opwerp. Landsgrense is vinnig besig om te verdwyn en oorgrensverbruikerstransaksies is nou alledaags wat verdere eise aan verbruikersbeskerming stel. Die invloed van die Verenigde Volke se Kommissie vir Internasionale Handelsreg (UNCITRAL) se Modelwet vir Elektroniese Handel en Transaksies (Model Law on Electronic Commerce) van 1996 op die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en verbruikersreg word ontleed. Daar word ook gekyk of die Wet op Elektroniese Kommunikasie en Transaksies 25 van 2002 wat op die Model Law geskoei is nog pasgemaak is om meer onlangse ontwikkelings baas te raak. Daar word ook ’n ontleding gedoen van die wisselwerking tussen die Wet op Elektroniese Kommunikasie en Transaksies 25 van 2002 en die latere Verbruikersbeskermingswet (Consumer Protection Act) 68 van 2008.

Die artikel toon hoe die groei van toegang tot slimfone in Afrika tot wyer toegang tot die internet aanleiding gee en daarmee bydra om die sogenaamde digitale gaping te vernou. Dit maak dit nou ook moontlik vir verbruikers in afgeleë landelike gebiede om deel te neem aan internethandel. Daar word verwys na die sukses met die elektroniese bankwese in Oos-Afrika in hierdie proses.

Die ontwikkeling van verbruikersreg in Suid-Afrika word as ’n voorbeeld gebruik om aan te toon hoe die plaaslike verbruikersreg wat tot relatief onlangs onderontwikkel was, deur omvattende wetgewing soos die Nasionale Kredietwet 34 van 2005, die Consumer Protection Act (Verbruikersbeskermingswet wat egter nie op Afrikaans uitgegee is nie) 68 van 2008 en die Wet op Beskerming van Persoonlike Inligting 4 van 2013 vernuwe is, maar dat hierdie wetgewing alreeds nie meer voldoende voorsiening maak vir die eise van internethandel nie.

Ten slotte word daar breedweg gewys op die vereistes waaraan verbruikersbeskermingswetgewing moet voldoen om voorsiening te maak vir digitale verbruikersbeskerming. Daar word ook aan die hand gedoen dat die feit dat baie Afrika lande se verbruikersbeskermingswetgewing nog onderontwikkeld is, die moontlikheid bied om moderne pasgemaakte maatreëls te ontwikkel met verwysing na verwikkelinge elders in die wêreld sonder om deur die langsame ontwikkelingsprosesse van elders te gaan.

Is a scheme rule prohibiting the keeping of animals in a sectional title scheme invalid? Lessons from the landmark decision of the New South Wales court of appeal

Is a scheme rule prohibiting the keeping of animals in a sectional title scheme invalid? Lessons from the landmark decision of the New South Wales court of appeal

Author: CG Van der Merwe

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Research Fellow, Department of Private Law, University of Stellenbosch, Emeritus Professor in Civil Law, University of Aberdeen
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 3, 2021, p. 456-473
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2021/i3a3

Abstract

Die beslissing van die appèlhof van Nieu-Suid-Wallis in die Cooper-saak en die regsgevolge daarvan, toon dat die redelikheidskriterium ’n deurslaggewende rol speel om te bepaal of ’n skemareël wat die aanhou van huisdiere verbied onredelik en dus ongeldig is. Die aanwending van die redelikheidskriterium bied ook ’n aanduiding of die weiering van die trustees om hulle toestemming tot die aanhou van ’n dier te verleen onredelik is en gevolglik deur die hof vervang kan word met ’n beslissing dat die dier wél aangehou mag word.

Die outeur toon dat die drieledige toets waarop die hof in die Cooper-saak gesteun het om die skemareël wat ’n algehele verbod op die aanhou van diere geplaas het, ongeldig te verklaar, ooreenstem met die Suid-Afrikaanse redelikheidtoets. ’n Algemene verbod op die aanhou van diere is onredelik en dus ongeldig omdat dit die erkende eiendomsbevoegdheid om ’n huisdier aan te hou, ontken.

Die voorgeskrewe skemareëls is nie op ’n kontrak gebaseer nie, maar verskaf eerder ’n raamwerk waarvolgens harmonie in die skema bewerkstellig kan word. Daarom maak dit nie saak of die gewraakte reël deur ’n eenparige of ’n spesiale besluit ingevoer is nie. Die beslissing van die ombud of die hof moet op ’n objektiewe redelikheidstoets berus. ’n Skemareël wat die aanhou van diere sonder meer verbied is onredelik en dus ongeldig omdat sodanige reël nie ’n meganisme aan die trustees verleen om die unieke omstandigheid van die eienaar of dier in ag te neem om die aanhou van die dier te bewillig of af te keur nie. Die reël beperk die erkende eiendomsbevoegdheid om diere aan te hou onredelik en onnodiglik. Dit volg nie ’n gebalanseerde benadering tot die velerlei belange wat by die aanhou van diere ter sprake is nie, maar beklemtoon eerder die belange van eienaars wat sonder meer teen die aanhou van diere in die skema gekant is.