Regspraak: Precarium to the rescue as deus ex machina in a hard case

Regspraak: Precarium to the rescue as deus ex machina in a hard case

Author: Johan Scott

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of South Africa
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2022, p. 171-191
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2022/i1a10

Abstract

Die Khumalo-saak handel oor n bejaarde man (K) se aansoek om n spoliasiebevel teen L (die eienaar van n plaas waaroor K jare lank vir hom n pad na sy woning toegeëien het) wat eensklaps sy grond toegespan het en geweier het om die heksleutels aan K – ’n okkupeerder ingevolge artikel 1 van die Wet op die Uitbreiding van Sekerheid van Verblyfreg 62 van 1997, woonagtig op n buurplaas te oorhandig ten einde hom in staat te stel om steeds die pad te gebruik. Ofskoon daar n ander pad na K se woning was, was dit uiters swak en slegs geskik vir gebruik deur 4×4 voertuie. Aangesien K net n ou bakkie besit het, het hy geweldig ongerief verduur as gevolg van L se optrede. L het aangevoer dat hy goeie redes gehad het vir sy optrede, onder andere bodembewaring en om wilddiewe hok te slaan, asook dat K boonop nie ingevolge n serwituut van via toegang oor sy plaas gehad het nie. Die grondeisehof het op grond van n bedenklike toepassing van artikel 22(2)(c) van die Wet op Herstel van Grondregte 22 van 1994 vir hom jurisdiksie toegeëien. Verder het die hof, strydig met die robuuste en spoedeisende aard van die mandament van spolie, die beswaar dat die applikant sy aansoek eers na twee jaar en agt maande geloods het, summier verwerp en daarnaas, ook strydig met bestaande beginsel en praktyk, in besonderhede op die meriete van K se saak ingegaan om tot die beslissing te geraak het dat daar n stilswyende precarium tussen K en L gesluit is, omdat L se werknemers wat sienderoë toegelaat het dat K die pad oor L se grond gebruik, as L se verteenwoordigers vir doeleindes van sluiting van die precarium-ooreenkoms bevind is. Ingevolge die normale reëls moes die prekaris, K, dus volgens die hof redelike kennis van die precarium dans, L, ontvang het voordat laasgenoemde sy plaas kon afsper. Die hof het in wese geregtelik kennis geneem van hierdie precarium en hom geensins gesteur aan die bestaande reëls van die kontraktereg en, in die besonder, die verteenwoordigingsreg nie. Veral oppervlakkig was die hof se behandeling van die vereiste van skending van quasi-besit vir die mandament van spolie in gevalle waar die applikant nie in daadwerklike beheer van n onroerende saak was nie. Die hof het hier in werklikheid deur middel van die toepassing van spoliasiebeginsels spesifieke nakoming van die precarium-kontrak gelas. Daar word betoog dat die hof uit sy pad gegaan het om K uit sy verknorsing te help, ofskoon daar in die lig van geldende regsreëls geen regverdiging vir sodanige regshulp was nie. Hoogstens het die feit dat L jarelank vir K toegelaat het om sy pad te gebruik op toestemming – ’n eensydige regshandeling wat te eniger tyd herroep kan word neergekom en L was dus ten volle daarop geregtig om sy plaas af te sper. Daar kan verder geensins betoog word dat daar n grondwetlike verpligting op L gerus het om K se gebruik van die pad oor sy plaas te gedoog nie. Deur hierdie uitspraak het die hof n gevaarlike presedent geskep.

 

Regspraak: When Caesar must pay, Caesar must pay – the withholding of tax refunds by the South African Revenue Service

Regspraak: When Caesar must pay, Caesar must pay – the withholding of tax refunds by the South African Revenue Service

Author: Thabo Legwaila

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2022, p. 191-204
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2022/i1a11

Abstract

Die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens (SAID) is verantwoordelik vir die administrasie en invordering van belasting. Ten einde hierdie mandaat effektief te verwesenlik, het die SAID verreikende magte kragtens Deel 1 van die Wet op die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens 34 van 1997. Dit gebeur dikwels dat belastingbetalers meer aan die SAID betaal as die verskuldigde belasting of dat terughoudingsagente, soos werkgewers of die betalers van rente, dividende ensovoorts, meer as die verskuldigde belasting invorder en oorbetaal aan die SAID. Dit veroorsaak n situasie waar die SAID die oortollige bedrag aan die belastingbetaler moet terugbetaal. Artikel 190 van die Wet op Belastingadministrasie 28 van 2011, wat gemoeid is met die terugbetalings van oorbetalings, bepaal dat die SAID n terugbetaling, wat rente insluit, moet maak indien n persoon geregtig is op die terugbetaling omdat die bedrag behoorlik terugbetaalbaar is kragtens n belastingwet en dit so aangetoon word in n aanslag of die bedrag wat betaal is meer is as die bedrag betaalbaar volgens die aanslag. Die SAID hoef egter nie n terugbetaling te magtig totdat n verifikasie, inspeksie, oudit of strafregtelike ondersoek van die terugbetaling afgehandel is nie. In die Rappa Resources-saak het die hof die situasie oorweeg waar n belastingbetaler geregtig was op n terugbetaling vanaf die SAID, maar die SAID nie die terugbetaling tydig gemaak het nie omrede die belastingbetaler aan n oudit onderworpe was. Die hof het bevind dat die SAID die oudit onnodig vertraag het, wat daartoe gelei het dat die terugbetaling weerhou is. As sulks het die hof bevind dat die SAID die terugbetaling moet maak en die oudit binne n redelike tyd moet afhandel. Die hof het egter onbehoorlike klem op die besigheidsmodel van die belastingbetaler geplaas toe dit bevind het dat wanneer die SAID n terugbetaling weerhou in gevalle waar dit noodsaaklik is vir die besigheidsmodel van n belastingbetaler, soos in hierdie geval, die oudit nie n onbepaalde tyd kan neem om gefinaliseer te word nie. In n ander saak, Top Watch (Pty) Ltd v The Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service (2018 JDR 1311 (GJ)) het die hof bevind dat die SAID nie kon bewys dat daar n uitstaande skuld was nie en daarom kon die SAID nie die terugbetaling weerhou nie. Hierdie vonnisbespreking wys op die SAID se versuim om die behoorlike proses ten opsigte van terugbetalings te volg, die onregverdigheid wat so n weerhouding vir belastingbetalers inhou en die rol wat die belastingombudkantoor gespeel het om belastingbetalers by te staan om verskuldigde terugbetalings vanaf die SAID te verkry. Dit dui verder op die SAID se inbreukmaking op belastingbetalers se reg tot finaliteit; die nadelige gevolge wat die weerhouding van terugbetalings op belastingbetalers het; en illustreer, met behulp van n vergelykende analise, dat die SAID se verontagsaming van die reg, wat blyk praktyk te wees vir dié belasting invorderaar, heeltemal onregverdigbaar is. Die kort vergelykende analise dui daarop dat die statutêre bepalings nie té beperkend of té problematies vir die SAID is nie.

 

Boekbesprekings: Bhauna Hansjee, Fahreen Kader and Clement Marumoagae: The Survivor’s Guide for Candidate Attorneys

Boekbesprekings: Bhauna Hansjee, Fahreen Kader and Clement Marumoagae: The Survivor’s Guide for Candidate Attorneys

Author: NR Naidoo

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2022, p. 205-206
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2022/i1a12

Abstract

None

 

Boekbesprekings: DJ Mcquoid-Mason (ed): Street Law and Public Legal Education: A Collection of Best Practices from around the World in Honour of Ed O’Brien

Boekbesprekings: DJ Mcquoid-Mason (ed): Street Law and Public Legal Education: A Collection of Best Practices from around the World in Honour of Ed O’Brien

Author: Nazreen Ismail

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2022, p. 208-212
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2022/i1a14

Abstract

None

 

Belt and Road initiative meets Africa: Exploring the state of play, the implications and the imperative for complementarities of interests

Belt and Road initiative meets Africa: Exploring the state of play, the implications and the imperative for complementarities of interests

Author: Collins C Ajibo

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: PhD (Manchester), LLM (Manchester), BL, LLB (Nigeria), Senior Lecturer in Law, Faculty of Law, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 2, p. 1 – 31
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i2a1

Abstract

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is expected to link the world to a gigantic trade and investment corridor, with China at the centre of the new multilateralism. Since its announcement in 2013, China has taken significant steps to actualise its vision through massive investment in infrastructure in the belt-road regions supported by Chinese financial institutions, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Critics argue that BRI is a covert means for China to exert greater influence on the global trade and investment landscape but China has countered this. Nevertheless, emerging evidence indicates that, beyond the promotion of trade and investment, China is using BRI to export overcapacity, internationalise renminbi, promote cultural diplomacy, secure resources and redefine the global order. Hence, African countries stand in danger of neocolonialism unless they optimise the partnership with China to foster a win-win situation. In particular, African countries must recognise the significance of deft management of unsustainable Chinese loans that may entrap them in future, embedding more transparency in contract bidding for infrastructure investment, insisting on capacity building and skill spillovers and ensuring that transnational dispute settlement with Chinese enterprises is adjudicated in a neutral venue, if African courts lack the jurisdiction to entertain the matter.

Posthumous control of copyright, its limitations and the public interest

Posthumous control of copyright, its limitations and the public interest

Authors: Desmond Osaretin Oriakhogba and Gloria Kanwulia Adeola-Adedipe

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLM, LLB (UNIBEN), PhD (UCT, Cape Town), Senior Lecturer, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa; LLM (Hertfordshire), LLB, Research Fellow, Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS)
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 2, p. 32 – 62
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i2a2

Abstract

Conducted as a desk research, this paper examines the interface between copyright and succession laws, the notion of testamentary freedom, its limitations and justification for its restriction. The paper draws on this examination to discuss the freedom of authors to dispose their copyright under testate and intestate arrangements, and posthumously control the use of their works under the Nigerian Copyright Act. Following this discussion, the paper identifies and examines the relevant provisions of the Copyright Act that can limit the capacity of authors to posthumously control the use of their works in Nigeria. The paper contends that authors’ liberty to transfer their copyright by testamentary disposition or operation of law, and control the use of their works posthumously, without public interest friendly limitations, can create an imbalance within the copyright system. This paper addresses the issues of whether public interest objectives may be achieved through the limitation in the extant Copyright Act, especially given the propensity for copyright misuse by authors in death, as well as during their lifetime, and what policy options may align the public interest with authors’ posthumous control of copyright. In resolving these questions, the paper draws on instances of copyright misuse in the United States of America (USA) and South Africa and situates them within the Nigerian context to shed light on the issues discussed.

An analysis of the right of Muslim adopted children to inherit from their deceased parents in terms of the law of succession: A South African case study

An analysis of the right of Muslim adopted children to inherit from their deceased parents in terms of the law of succession: A South African case study

Author: Muneer Abduroaf

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: BA (Shariah) LLB, LLM, LLD, Senior Lecturer in Law, Faculty of Law, Department of Criminal Justice and Procedure, University of the Western Cape (UWC)
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 2, p. 63 – 73
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i2a3

Abstract

This paper analyses the right of Muslim adopted children to inherit from their deceased parents in terms of the laws of succession within the South African legal context. The status of adoption in South African and Islamic law is looked at first by way of an introduction. This is followed by looking at the rights of adopted Muslim children to inherit from their deceased parents (biological and adoptive) in terms of the South African and Islamic laws of intestate (compulsory) and then testate (optional) succession.1 The paper further looks at the possibility of applying relevant Islamic law of succession provisions applicable to enable adopted Muslim children to inherit from the estate of their deceased biological parents within the South African legal framework. The paper concludes with an analysis of the findings and makes a recommendation.

Pandemic recovery in Africa: A case for strengthening insolvency laws for rescuing small and medium enterprises

Pandemic recovery in Africa: A case for strengthening insolvency laws for rescuing small and medium enterprises

Authors: Williams C. Iheme and Sanford U. Mba

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLB, LLM, SJD. Associate Professor of Law, Jindal Global Law School; Visiting Professor, Strathmore Law School; LLB, LLM, SJD. Senior Associate in the law firm Dentons ACAS
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 2, p. 74 – 103
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i2a4

Abstract

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in the economy of developing countries. Although SMEs contribute to economic growth, they still struggle with access to finance and cash flow constraints. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic worsened this situation, making it necessary for countries to develop rescue regimes suitable for financially distressed SMEs. Focusing on Nigeria and Kenya – which represent the largest economies in West Africa and East Africa respectively – this paper critically sheds light on the socio-legal challenges posed by extant insolvency law regimes in both countries and their unsuitability for driving SME rescue. As a conversation starter in the African context, the authors identify transplanted concepts and structures which make SME rescue a futility, in the light of local circumstances, while proposing solutions tailored to the social milieu of both countries.

Protection of the right to social security of the migrant worker in international law

Protection of the right to social security of the migrant worker in international law

Author: Kehinde Anifalaje

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLB (Unilag), LLM (Ibadan), PhD (Ibadan), Faculty of Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 8 Issue 2, p. 104 – 148
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v8/i2a5

Abstract

The right to social security is recognised as a basic human right in a number of international instruments. While most nations give recognition to social security rights and generally enforce them within the dictates of domestic legislation to their nationals, the narrative is different for non-nationals, particularly the migrant worker. The article examines the measures that have been deployed at international and regional levels to protect the social security rights of migrant workers, with particular attention to the regular ones. It argues that a number of factors, including the doctrines of territoriality and nationality, account for the marginalisation of the migrant worker in the enforcement of these rights. Some migrant-specific international instruments and series of bilateral and multilateral agreements to overcome these perceived challenges are being hindered by the low number of ratifying countries and disparities in the design and level of development of schemes for specific branches of social security across countries. The article concludes that the social security right of the migrant worker would be enhanced if more countries ratify, domesticate and enforce relevant international instruments on the social security rights of the migrant worker and complement same by a much more coordinated bilateral and multilateral social security agreements.