Regspraak: An improper application of the proper purpose of directors’ powers to authorise and issue shares?

Regspraak: An improper application of the proper purpose of directors’ powers to authorise and issue shares?

Authors: Kathleen Van der Linde and Darren Stevens

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg; Student, University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2023, p. 358 – 371
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2023/i2a11

Abstract

Direkteure se uitoefening van hul nuutgevonde bevoegdhede om ’n maatskappy se aantal gemagtigde aandele te verhoog, is in CDH Invest NV v Petrotank South Africa (Pty) Ltd (2019 4 SA 436 (HHA)) deur die hoogste hof van appèl in oënskou geneem. Die appèlhof het die uitspraak van die hof a quo bekragtig en beslis dat direkteure hierdie magte te goeder trou, in die beste belang van die maatskappy en vir ’n behoorlike doel moet uitoefen, soos hul vertrouenspligte vereis. Die betrokke maatskappy het meer aandele “uitgereik” as die aantal aandele wat deur sy akte gemagtig is en die direksie het die probleem probeer oplos deur die aantal gemagtigde aandele agterna te vermeerder.

Die skrywers voer aan dat die howe onvoldoende aandag gegee het aan die beginsel dat fidusiêre pligte aan die maatskappy verskuldig is eerder as aan individuele aandeelhouers. Die hof het ook nie die magtiging van verdere aandele en die potensiële toekomstige uitreiking daarvan, wat afsonderlike magte met afsonderlike doeleindes en gevolge is, behoorlik onderskei nie. ’n Verdere probleem is dat die

direkteure se werklike doel vergelyk is met hul bedrieglik verklaarde oogmerk in plaas daarvan om dit te vergelyk met die objektiewe behoorlike doel waarvoor die bevoegdheid verleen is.

Die uitsprake ignoreer die uitdruklike statutêre gevolge van ’n uitreiking wat die aantal gemagtigde aandele oorskry, insluitend dat die uitreiking ’n nietigheid is en die aandelesertifikate en inskrywings in die aandeleregister nietig is. Sodra die tydsensitiewe geleentheid tot terugwerkende magtiging ingevolge artikel 36(2) van die Maatskappywet afgeloop is, kan nóg die direksie nóg ’n hof die ongeldigheid van die uitreiking regstel. Dit is waarom die wysiging wat in die konsep maatskappywysigingswetsontwerp van 2021 beoog word om ’n hof in staat te stel om ’n onreëlmatige uitreiking en toewysing van aandele te bekragtig, ’n welkome toevoeging tot die wet sal wees. Totdat daardie oplossing egter ingevoer is, kan enige poging om ’n ongeldige uitreiking deur die agterdeur reg te stel egter nie ’n behoorlike doel daarstel nie.

Ander maatskappyregtelike kwessies wat deur die feite van hierdie saak geopper word, word kortliks oorweeg. Die skrywers stel voor dat die onderdrukkingsremedie in artikel 163 ’n beter oplossing vir die minderheidsaandeelhouer se besware kon bied omdat dit ’n oorweging behels van die belange van ’n aandeelhouer eerder as die maatskappy se beste belange. Ten slotte word aan die hand gedoen dat die bevoegdhede wat aan die direksie verleen is om aandele te magtig en uit te reik, behou moet word omdat dit eerstens onderhewig is aan direkteure se vertrouensverpligting en tweedens omdat beide hierdie magte deur die aandeelhouers beperk kan word by wyse van gepaste bepalings van die akte van die maatskappy.

Regspraak: Image rights in Kenya

Regspraak: Image rights in Kenya

Authors: Legodi Thutse and Steve Cornelius

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of KwaZulu-Natal; University of Pretoria
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2023, p. 372 – 379
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2023/i2a12

Abstract

Kenia is ’n land wat al op verskeie terreine vele bekendes opgelewer het. Hulle is veral welbekend vir die wêreldklas middel- en langafstandatlete wat hulle oplewer. Dit sou daarom nie vreemd wees nie, indien bemarkers sou poog om die gelykenisse van bekende persone te gebruik in hulle bemarkingsveldtogte. Dit sou egter nie ’n Olimpiese atleet of ander beroemde persoon wees wat sou poog om die reg op identiteit in hierdie verband te beskerm nie. Inteendeel, dit sou ’n nederige motorfietsafleweringsbestuurder wees wat ’n finansiële instelling tot orde sou roep omdat hulle sonder toestemming sy foto in hulle bemarkingsmateriaal gebruik het.

Alhoewel die Keniaanse deliktereg gegrond is op die Engelse law of torts, vermy die hof in die Rafiki– saak die enge benadering van die Engelse howe, waarvolgens die ongemagtigde gebruik van iemand se beeld vir bemarking slegs ’n eisoorsaak daarstel indien dit sou neerkom op aanklamping. Die Keniaanse hof wend hom veel eerder tot die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en steun vir gesag op die uitsprake van die Suid-Afrikaanse howe in Grütter v Lombard (2007 4 SA 89 (HHA)) en W v Atoll Media (Pty) Ltd (2010 4 All SA 548 (WKK)).

Die hof in die Rafiki-saak beslis dat die ongemagtigde gebruik van sy foto ’n skending is van sy reg op privaatheid, soos vervat in artikel 31 van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Kenia. Voorts bevind die hof, met verwysing na die uitspraak van die Suid-Afrikaanse konstitusionele hof in MM v MN (2013 4 SA 415 (KH)), dat die ongemagtigde gebruik van sy foto ook ’n skending is van sy reg op menswaardigheid soos vervat in artikel 28 van die Keniaanse grondwet.

Op hierdie wyse ontwikkel howe in Afrika-lande pragmatiese oplossings wat die individu teen uitbuiting beskerm. Die beginsels wat aldus neergelê word, vergelyk goed met die omvattende beskerming wat in verskeie Amerikaanse deelstate teen ongemagtigde gebruik van iemand se beeld in bemarkingsmateriaal verleen word.

Boekbesprekings: Ewoud Hondius, Marta Santos Silva, Andrea Nicolussi, Pablo Salvador Coderch, Christiane Wendehorst and Fryderyk Zoll (eds): Coronavirus and the Law in Europe

Boekbesprekings: Ewoud Hondius, Marta Santos Silva, Andrea Nicolussi, Pablo Salvador Coderch, Christiane Wendehorst and Fryderyk Zoll (eds): Coronavirus and the Law in Europe

Author: Eric Dirix

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: KU Leuven
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2023, p. 380 – 383
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2023/i2a13

Abstract

None

Boekbesprekings: Mtendeweka Owen Mhango, Ntombizozuko Dyani-Mhango and Mothepa Ndumo: Pensions Law & Death Benefits – Law, Practice and Policy Harmonisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Boekbesprekings: Mtendeweka Owen Mhango, Ntombizozuko Dyani-Mhango and Mothepa Ndumo: Pensions Law & Death Benefits – Law, Practice and Policy Harmonisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Author: Evette Vanrenen-Linford

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2023, p. 383 – 385
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2023/i2a14

Abstract

None

Dolus eventualis: An endangered colonial species

Dolus eventualis: An endangered colonial species

Author: Tshepo Bogosi Mosaka

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 2, p. 239-262
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i2a1

Abstract

This article focuses on the feasibility of dolus eventualis in addressing the problem of intended endangerments — that is, the question as to how the secondary consequences flowing from an act of endangerment, as distinguishable from an attack, can be said to be ‘intended’ (dolus). This problem manifests typically in the form of the orthodox marketplace bomb-thrower who has one primary aim but whose actions result in several other secondary consequences, some of which may not have been aimed or foreseen in any primary sense. After discussing why the two historical solutions — strict liability and the versari doctrine — are not viable answers to this problem, the remainder of the article examines the feasiblity of dolus eventualis as a third contemporary solution. This examination focuses on both the historical contradictions as well as the prevailing doctrinal controversies that are associated with dolus eventualis. The fourth part of the article reflects on five uncontroverted problems that currently beset dolus eventualis. The article concludes on a sceptical note: that dolus eventualis may not survive the many difficulties discussed in this article, and that exploring the expansion of negligence or the creation of a separate and new third form of fault may not be a bad idea.

The appealability of decisions to certify class actions: Where are we now? A proposed approach after Stellenbosch University Law Clinic v Lifestyle Direct Group International (Pty) Ltd (WCC)

The appealability of decisions to certify class actions: Where are we now? A proposed approach after Stellenbosch University Law Clinic v Lifestyle Direct Group International (Pty) Ltd (WCC)

Author: Theo Broodryk

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Associate Professor of Law, Stellenbosch University
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 2, p. 263-284
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i2a2

Abstract

Decisions refusing to certify class proceedings are appealable. The position regarding the appealability of decisions certifying class actions is, however, less clear. Regrettably, in Stellenbosch University Law Clinic v Lifestyle Direct Group International (Pty) Ltd [2021] JOL 51475 (WCC), the court did not give a final ruling on whether a decision to certify a class action is appealable. Gamble J merely assumed, without deciding, that his decision in Stellenbosch University Law Clinic v Lifestyle Direct Group International (Pty) Ltd 2022 (2) SA 237 (WCC) to certify the class action was appealable. This article aims to clarify the preferred approach when deciding whether to permit an appeal against a decision to certify a class action.

Wrongfulness in the South African law of defamation

Wrongfulness in the South African law of defamation

Author: Anton Fagan

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: WP Schreiner Professor of Law, University of Cape Town
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 2, p. 285-327
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i2a3

Abstract

According to some South African delict scholars, the South African law of defamation makes the wrong fulness of a defamatory statement turn on two conditions: first, that the statement caused reputational damage; and, secondly, that the damage caused was not outweighed by the achievement of some greater good. This article proposes an alternative view. According to it, the wrong fulness of a defamatory statement turns on two very different conditions. The first is that the statement represented the defamed person (the plaintiff) as having a worth which is less than the worth which the person ought to be estimated to have. The second is that the person making the statement (the defendant) intended this. The article starts by raising two objections to the scholars’ view. One is that it cannot explain the fact that a defamatory statement can be false yet lawful. The other is that it cannot explain the fact that a defamatory statement may be found to be wrong ful even though it caused no reputational damage. After this, the article goes on to discuss and defend the alternative view’s two conditions — that is, the ‘representation condition’ and the ‘intent condition’. The latter is likely to be the more controversial, as it flies in the face of a scholarly dogma to the effect that wrong fulness does not in any way depend on fault. However, as the article demonstrates, it is impossible to make sense of the wrong fulness-negating defences of privileged occasion, fair comment, and reasonable publication, unless we accept the intent condition.

Judicial intervention and the call to transformative constitutionalism in the context of consumer law, debt collection and the National Credit Act: Bayport Securitisation Ltd v University of Stellenbosch Law Clinic

Judicial intervention and the call to transformative constitutionalism in the context of consumer law, debt collection and the National Credit Act: Bayport Securitisation Ltd v University of Stellenbosch Law Clinic

Author: Stephan van der Merwe

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Senior Attorney and Lecturer, Stellenbosch University Law Clinic
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 2, p. 328-364
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i2a4

Abstract

As a result of various socio-economic factors, South Africans are some of the most indebted consumers in the world. Bad debt collection has escalated to a significant industry, with billions of rands at stake. The effects of private over-indebtedness and resulting collections are profound and have various negative consequences at household and macro-economic levels. These consequences are exacerbated when vulnerable debtors face unscrupulous debt collectors emboldened by a fragile legislative framework. Debtors depend on judicial intervention and effective access to courts to combat abusive lending and debt-collection practices. Courts are called on to protect vulnerable consumers by enforcing constitutional guarantees and values. Recently, the Supreme Court of Appeal was presented with the opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to transformative constitutionalism in consumer law and debt collection in the case of Bayport Securitisation Ltd v University of Stellenbosch Law Clinic. This judgment is significant as it attempted to address a serious and impactful concern with the interpretation of the National Credit Act. It will be demonstrated that the judgment is susceptible to serious criticism, particularly in its regrettable indifference to the constitutional values pertinent to the matter.

Re-asserting the doctrinal legal research methodology in the South African academy: Navigating the maze

Re-asserting the doctrinal legal research methodology in the South African academy: Navigating the maze

Author: Mkhululi Nyathi

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, School of Law, University of the Witwatersrand
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 2, p. 365-386
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i2a5

Abstract

With the focus in the South African higher education landscape shifting towards research output, it is imperative that law schools equip postgraduate law students with proper legal research skills for them to carry out their legal research effectively. While the doctrinal legal research methodology has always been used in legal research and is well suited for the discipline of law, it has been subjected to serious criticism for some time, with some scholars labelling it as arrogant, non-objective and lacking in academic flair. Those who criticise the doctrinal legal research method tend to prescribe for the discipline of law research methodologies popular in other disciplines, such as the qualitative and quantitative methodologies that are popular in the social sciences. While a legal scholar doing interdisciplinary legal research is free to use such methodologies, these methodologies may not be suitable for classical legal research. The doctrinal legal research methodology remains the most appropriate methodology for legal research, as it is concerned with solving legal problems through the legal analysis of legal norms. The sources of legal norms are internally determined by the discipline itself and cannot be identified through qualitative and quantitative research.

Property and access: Inequality of land relations and the continued vulnerability of women

Property and access: Inequality of land relations and the continued vulnerability of women

Author: Z T Boggenpoel

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Professor in Private Law, Stellenbosch University
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 2, p. 387-412
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i2a6

Abstract

This article foregrounds the interplay between property and access from the perspective of those on the margins of property law, focusing specifically on women. The aim is to identify several instances where women are still in vulnerable positions despite a constitutional and/or legislative framework that purports to be progressive regarding gender equality and advancing women’s land rights. The article challenges the belief that individual wins in some court judgments are enough to proclaim the strengthening of women’s land rights. In this respect, it is important to consider whether a picture emerges that moves women away from the periphery towards the centre of property law.