Comment: Gambling law: Recent developments

Comment: Gambling law: Recent developments

Author: Marita Carnelley

ISSN: 1996-2118
Affiliations: North-West University
Source: South African Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 36 Issue 3, p. 485 – 497
https://doi.org/10.47348/SACJ/v36/i3a7

Abstract

Several judgments relating to gambling and the gambling industry have arisen over the past few years that are worthy of academic analysis. This contribution to that analysis will commence with Burgess v S (CA&R58/2022) [2023] ZAECMKHC 83; 2023 (2) SACR 558 (ECMk) (8 August 2023) in which the role that gambling addiction should play in the sentencing process arose, but was not properly dealt with. This will be followed with a discussion of several search and seizure cases, namely Ethypersadh v Minister of Police NO [2023] ZAGPPHC 595 (25 July 2023), Buchler v Minister of SAPS NO (6310/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 1 (5 January 2023) and Strauss v Minister of Police NO (UM30/2019; UM34/2019) [2019] ZANWHC 23 (2 May 2019). The last section contains brief comments relating to the National Lottery: NDPP v Maweza Nkogatsi Inc (2020/11723) [2021] ZAGPJHC 826 (20 December 2021), as well as the progress in the recovery of looted lottery funds generated by the National Lottery and intended for charity and other good causes.

PRASA’s open-door commuter trains remain a reliable source of income for legal practitioners: a survey of recent case law

PRASA’s open-door commuter trains remain a reliable source of income for legal practitioners: a survey of recent case law

Author: TJ Scott

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor Extraordinarius in Private Law, University of South Africa
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 189-221
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a1

Abstract

Ofskoon die spoorwegstelsel in Suid-Afrika reeds vroeg ontwikkel het en tydens die vorige eeu ’n hoogtepunt van effektiwiteit én diensbaarheid bereik het, het dit oor die laaste dekades erg verval, in die besonder wat pendeldienste deur voorstedelike treine betref. Hierdie toestand het aanleiding gegee tot die stigting van die Rail Commuters Action Group wat in 2005 in Rail Commuters Action Group v Transnet t/a Metrorail daarin geslaag het om die konstitusionele hof daarvan te oortuig dat die Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) wat vir pendeldienste verantwoordelik is, ’n publiekregtelike verpligting het om pendelaars veilig te vervoer. Dieselfde hof het in 2016 in Mashongwa v Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa beslis dat PRASA se verpligting teenoor pendelaars ook privaatregtelik van aard is en dat verbreking daarvan die grondslag van ’n deliktuele vordering kan vorm.
In 2023 is daar verskeie uitsprake in die SAFLII hofverslae gerapporteer, waarvan die volgende vyf gehandel het oor beserings opgedoen deur pendelaars wat tydens hul reis by oop treindeure uitgeval het en ernstig beseer is: Mthethwa v Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA), Maphela v Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa, Mathekga v Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa, Mavhungu v Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa en Davids v The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa. In hierdie bydrae word elk van hierdie uitsprake krities ontleed om te bepaal hoe die howe die geykte beginsels van die deliktereg probeer toepas om die toenemende aantal sake van dié aard te besleg.
Slegs een van die uitsprake is as rapporteerbaar aangemerk (die Maphela-saak), wat aanduidend is van die feit dat die regters (met die uitsondering van die voorsittende beampte in die Davids-uitspraak almal waarnemend) nie van oordeel was dat hulle oorspronklike bydraes tot die regspleging gemaak het nie. Ofskoon dit die geval blyk te wees, bied hul uitsprake waardevolle voorbeelde vir die praktyk van hoe veral die onregmatigheids- en nalatigheidselement van die onregmatige daad in dié soort geval benader en toegepas word. Ongelukkig skiet meeste van hierdie uitsprake in ’n mindere of meerdere mate tekort ten aansien van die hantering van die regsteorie, byvoorbeeld wat die uiteensetting en toepassing van die toets vir nalatigheid betref. Dit kom ook voor of daar nie deurgaans duidelikheid heers oor die grense van die onregmatigheids- en nalatigheidselemente nie. Verder blyk dit dat die meerderheid regters tevrede was om die kousaliteitsvraag slegs met verwysing na feitelike kousaliteitsbeginsels te besleg, sonder om juridiese kousaliteit uitdruklik te oorweeg.
Dit blyk duidelik dat dringende stappe nodig is om die infrastruktuur van ons pendel-spoorverkeer te verbeter ten einde te verhoed dat die soort ongeval wat in hierdie bydrae onder die loep geneem word, voortduur, of selfs vererger. Tot tyd en wyl dit geskied, sal PRASA se treine met oop deure ’n betroubare inkomstebron vir regpraktisyns verseker.

’n Perdepaspoort, logboek, mantel of die invecta et illata in huureiendom is geen objekte van ’n retensiereg van die besitter nie

’n Perdepaspoort, logboek, mantel of die invecta et illata in huureiendom is geen objekte van ’n retensiereg van die besitter nie

Author: JC Sonnekus

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor in Privaatreg, Universiteit van Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 222-246
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a2

Abstract

A retentor derives no real security right from either an obligatory agreement or a real agreement with the owner of the thing he is retaining under his lien. Therefore he is not on the same footing as the holder of a right of hypothec, mortgage or pledge who is in possession of the thing of another as holder of a limited right of real security. With the exception of the pledgee with an additional entitlement agreed to by the pledgor to use the object of the pledge (pactum antichreseos), it is common to all the said limited real security figures that the retainer derives no entitlement to take advantage of the property of another in his possession. However, notwithstanding the fact that he may derive no benefit from his withholding of the object, he is responsible for preserving the object against damage or risk at his own expense as the de facto custodian of the object, although no agreement of bailment came about.
It would be wrong to assume randomly that all examples of rightful retention of another’s goods are examples of liens. It may also be the entitlement of a limited real security right such as the tacit hypothec of a landlord or patron of a restaurant. The ius retentionis of the holder of a lien is merely the limited entitlement of the creditor without any preceding agreement between the owner of the object being retained and the creditor entitling the latter to retain it as long as the owner as debtor is in default of paying his dues to the holder of the lien for costs incurred by the latter regarding the object of the lien.
No lien comes into play unless the required nexus exists regarding the parties involved and the object retained. In contrast, in the cases of a tacit hypothec of a landlord or innkeeper, there is no question of any coherence or nexus between the claim of the landlord to the invecta et illata or hotel-keeper to the coat of the guest as creditor and the object being retained.
Subject to special statutory regulation, no limited real security right can be established on an integral part of a thing. Only a thing that meets all the requirements as an object of a real right can be the object of a real right and this also applies to a limited real right. Possession of a thing requires exclusive control over it and not simply possession of an integral part or symbol of the object of the debtor’s real right of ownership if the object is classified as a movable. Possession is, however, no requirement for a derivative mode of acquisition of a real right on immovable property. It is submitted that mere possession of the passport of a horse or the logbook of an aeroplane does not suffice as symbolic possession of the horse or the aeroplane.
Withholding part of the due performance under a reciprocal agreement until the counterparty has fully performed or because by agreement the debtor wishes eg to occupy the new house for three months to see what defects in the construction comes to light before delivering the agreed retention money to the builder, is no example of a lien. The retaining of the agreed portion of the final performance by the mandator is neither an entitlement of a limited real right nor a lien. This is part of the agreed terms of the building contract and any attempt by the creditor to compel performance before the condition had been met can be averted with the exceptio non adimpleti contractus.

Novel aspects of the proposed African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts

Novel aspects of the proposed African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts

Author: Jan L Neels

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor of Private International Law and Director of the Research Centre for Private International Law in Emerging Countries at the University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 247-257
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a3

Abstract

Die voorgestelde African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts is vernaamlik gebaseer op die Rome I Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations en die Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts. Hierdie bydrae bespreek egter die oorspronklike en vernuwende aspekte van die African Principles (“die Afrika-Beginsels”).
Sowel gedeeltelike as veelvuldige regskeuse word in die Afrika-Beginsels, benewens op sekere dele van die kontrak, ook van toepassing gemaak op verskillende aspekte van ’n kontrak (bv bepalings insake monetêre eenheid of indemniteit). Die keuse van regsreëls wat nie op staatlike soewereiniteit gebaseer is nie, word slegs toegelaat met betrekking tot sekere omskrewe instrumente op die regionale, supranasionale en internasionale vlak. Die Afrika-Beginsels maak ook uitdruklik voorsiening vir die inkorporasie van nie-staatlike regsreëls deur middel van voldoening aan die vereistes daarvoor van die reg wat op die kontrak van toepassing is. Die Afrika-Beginsels stel streng vereistes vir stilswyende regskeuse, onder meer dat die keuse baie duidelik moet blyk uit die bepalings van die kontrak of die besondere omstandighede van die geval. Daar word bepaal dat die jurisdiksionele keuse van ’n hof of gelokaliseerde arbitrasietribunaal nie genoegsaam is vir die aanname van ’n stilswyende regskeuse nie maar dat dit wel ’n rol in die verband mag speel. Die Afrika-Beginsels stel voor dat konflikterende regskeuseklousules in standaardbedinge mekaar uitsluit, in elk geval as uitdruklike regskeuse.
Die Afrika-Beginsels bevat ’n aantal bepalings waaronder die substantiewe reg ’n selfstandige rol mag speel binne internasionaal-privaatregtelike verhoudings, en wel met verwysing na sekere internasionale instrumente. Die Afrika-Beginsels inkorporeer artikel 5 van die Haagse Beginsels binne ’n wye alternatiewe aanwysingsreël vir formele geldigheid, wat geïnspireer is deur ’n verskeidenheid van modelle. Die Afrika-Beginsels maak voorsiening vir ’n meer presiese omskrywing van die lex loci solutionis as wat gebruiklik is in die verband van voorrangreëls. Dit verskaf ook ’n voorstel vir die oplossing van die probleem van die toepassing van derdelandsreg benewens die lex loci solutionis. Die Afrika-Beginsels inkorporeer in die internasionale kontraktereg twee beginsels insake bestraffende skadevergoeding uit die reg insake die erkenning en afdwinging van buitelandse vonnisse.
Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat die formulerings in die Afrika-Beginsels gebruik kan word in toekomstige projekte vir die kodifikasie van internasionaal-privaatregtelike reëls insake kontrakte, nie slegs in Afrika nie, maar ook daarbuite.

The “leading case” that continues to confound: Badenhorst v Badenhorst 2006 2 SA 255 (SCA) and the need, in response to Justice Binns-Ward, for a nuanced approach to piercing the veneer of abused trusts at divorce (part 2)

The “leading case” that continues to confound: Badenhorst v Badenhorst 2006 2 SA 255 (SCA) and the need, in response to Justice Binns-Ward, for a nuanced approach to piercing the veneer of abusedtrusts at divorce (part 2)

Author: Bradley Smith

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer: Research, The IIE’s Varsity College, South Africa; Extraordinary Professor of Private Law, University of the Free State
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 258-272
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a4

Abstract

None

The Legal Practice Act regulations on community service for candidates and legal practitioners in South Africa: are they adequate in promoting access to justice for the indigent?

The Legal Practice Act regulations on community service for candidates and legal practitioners in South Africa: are they adequate in promoting access to justice for the indigent?

Author: DR Holness

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Director, Law Clinic, University of KwaZulu-Natal
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 272-291
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a5

Abstract

Die Wet op Regspraktyk 28 van 2014 reguleer alle aspekte van regspraktisyns en kandidaatregspraktisyns se optrede, insluitend die toelatingsvereistes vir kandidate en die vereistes om voort te gaan om te praktiseer vir toegelate praktisyns. Artikel 29 van die Wet op Regspraktyk maak voorsiening vir gemeenskapsdiens deur (a) kandidaatregspraktisyns en (b) praktiserende regspraktisyns. Op 11 Augustus 2023 is gemeenskapsdiens geïmplementeer met die publikasie van die regulasies met betrekking tot die uitvoering van gemeenskapsdiens. Gemeenskapsdiens deur regspraktisyns en kandidate word as deurslaggewend beskou as deel van die proses om die tekort aan regshulp vir behoeftiges in Suid-Afrika aan te spreek.
Hierdie regulasies bestaan uit twee afsonderlike dele. Die eerste hou verband met gemeenskapsdiens as ’n klein deel van die praktiese beroepsopleiding van kandidaatregspraktisyns. Beroepsopleiding is die vereiste praktiese opleiding tussen voltooiing van ’n regsgraad en toelating as regspraktisyn. Die tweede deel dek voortgesette gemeenskapsdiens deur praktiserende regspraktisyns.
Ingevolge die regulasies word van kandidate – wat reeds in diens is – vereis om agt uur gemeenskapsdiens onder toesig per jaar van hul een of twee jaar se beroepsopleiding te doen. Dit word as ’n jammerlik onvoldoende aantal gemeenskapsdiensure beskou vir kandidate, beide omdat baie beperkte toegang tot regswerk in so ’n tydperk gebied kan word, en omdat kandidate minimale blootstelling sal kry aan die sake van behoeftiges. Dit sal ook nie toegang tot die reg bevorder nie. Verder word geen nuwe indiensneming geskep om gemeenskapsdiens te verrig vir gegradueerdes wat steeds op soek is na praktiese beroepsopleidingskontrakte om te kan kwalifiseer nie, wat problematies is in die konteks van die hoë werkloosheidsyfer van regsgegradueerdes in Suid-Afrika.
Wat toegelate regspraktisyns betref, word daar ingevolge die regulasies van hulle verwag om 40 uur gemeenskapsdiens per jaar op ’n deurlopende basis te verrig. Hierdie 40 uur is ’n verhoging van die grootliks onafdwingbare 20 en 24 uur per jaar vir verskillende vertakkings van die regsberoep wat voorheen voor die inwerkingtreding van hierdie bepalings van dié wet in plek was. Die outeur voer aan dat gemeenskapsdiens vir kandidate (soos uiteengesit in die regulasies) onvoldoende is, hoewel die voorsiening vir toegelate praktisyns belowend is.
Bogenoemde gevolgtrekkings is gemaak teen die agtergrond van ’n ontleding van die regsposisie in Nederland en België, eersgenoemde wat ’n gebrek aan gemeenskapsdiensvereistes vir toegelate praktisyns het en laasgenoemde wat slegs beperkte diensvereistes vir kandidate toon. Daarteenoor word aangedui dat in ander jurisdiksies in Afrika soos in Malawi en Uganda, wat weliswaar nie deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemenereg vorm nie, wel vir verpligte gemeenskapsdiens voorsiening gemaak word.

A critique of the lex mercatoria as the governing law of a contract

A critique of the lex mercatoria as the governing law of a contract

Author: Faadhil Adams

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, Department of Commercial Law, University of Cape Town, Co-Director UCT Arbitration and Dispute Resolution Unit
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 292-305
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a6

Abstract

Die lex mercatoria is ’n vorm van nie-staatlike of nasionale reg wat dikwels in dieselfde asem as instrumente soos die Unidroit-beginsels oor internasionale kommersiële kontrakte en die Weense Verkoopskonvensie oor die Internasionale Verkoop van Goedere (1980) genoem word. Daar is egter ’n inherente verskil tussen die lex mercatoria en hierdie ander gemelde instrumente, en dit kan saamgevat word as ’n kodifikasie, of in nog eenvoudiger terme, as ’n stel geskrewe reëls. Al drie bogenoemde vorme van nie-staatlike reg is deel van die matriks van regsnorme wat beskou kan word as die reg wat ’n kontrak beheers. Die lex mercatoria word dikwels in arbitrasiegevalle oorweeg as ’n geldige keuse as die heersende reg wat ’n bepaalde kontrak reël. In hierdie bydrae reflekteer die outeur oor hierdie toepassing.
Die outeur toon dat dit in werklikheid nie ’n goeie regskeuse is nie, en nie beskou behoort te word as ’n vorm van nie-staatlike reg wat partye kan kies nie. Dit word gedoen deur eerstens die historiese interpretasies van die lex mercatoria te oorweeg en daarna daardie denklyn deur te trek na meer moderne inkledings van die konsep. Die mees holistiese betekenis wat aan die begrip lex mercatoria gegee is, is gekonseptualiseer, in die moderne era, deur twee akademici en praktisyns, naamlik Schmithoff en Goldman. Met die eerste oogopslag lyk dit of die twee outeurs diametraal teenoorgestelde sienings het oor wat die boublokke van die moderne lex mercatoria behels.
Die outeur voer in hierdie bydrae aan dat die redes agter sodanig uiteenlopende sienings, aanvanklik gebaseer is op die gebrek aan konsensus oor wat die lex mercatoria is en uit watter reëls dit bestaan. Daar word aangetoon dat selfs wanneer kontemporêre outeurs poog om betekenis aan die lex mercatoria te gee en definitiewe reëls daaroor te verskaf, bly die uitkoms onseker. Teoretiese sienings wat gebaseer is op openbare internasionale reg en internasionale gebruiklike regsreëls, soos opinio juris en gedrag, kan in die privaat internasionale regsdomein vergelyk word met die sekerheidskriteria wat ontwikkel is vir die bepaling van die geskiktheid van nie-staatlike regreëls as die heersende reg van die kontrak. In die finale analise kom die outeur tot die gevolgtrekking dat selfs wanneer die metodologie van die openbare internasionale reg toegepas word, is die inherente onsekerheid van ’n konsep wat nie definieerbaar is nie, fataal vir sy gebruik – nie as ’n konsep nie – maar as die heersende reg van ’n kontrak.

Aantekeninge: Trustaktes en die risiko’s van ’n onnadenkende kopiëring van template

Aantekeninge: Trustaktes en die risiko’s van ’n onnadenkende kopiëring van template

Author: JC Sonnekus

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Universiteit van Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 2, 2024, p. 306-322
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i2a7

Abstract

The formulations used in many deeds for a trust inter vivos are probably examples of the type of fallacy that accepts that because there are thousands if not millions of trust deeds for a trust inter vivos that have an identical preamble, they must be legally valid. In many of these trust deeds the preamble and first clause in essence reads:

“TRUST DEED
XYZ TRUST
ENTERED INTO BETWEEN
XYZ
Identity Number 801023 4567 089
(hereinafter referred to as FOUNDER)
and
XYZ
Identity Number 801023 4567 089
And
ABC
ID nr
And
DEF
ID nr
(hereinafter referred to as TRUSTEES)
ON BEHALF OF:
THE INCOME AND CAPITAL BENEFICIARIES AS DEFINED IN PARAGRAPH 1.2.1 OF THIS TRUST DEED

WHEREAS the founder is desirous of creating the trust herein referred to for and on behalf of the aforementioned beneficiaries subject to the terms and conditions as hereinafter set forth in more detail.
AND
WHEREAS the trustees declared themselves willing to accept the donation and to hold and utilise it on behalf of the beneficiaries subject to the conditions as set forth by the founder and as it is recorded in this deed of trust;
The founder hereby donates to the trustees the amount of R100 (One Hundred Rand) which immediately vests in the trustees in their official capacity to be held in trust and administered according to the terms of this deed.
The current trustees are as scheduled in the preamble to this deed …” (emphasis added).
In the example the agreement is seemingly concluded with itself by XYZ acting simultaneously as the founder and as primary trustee. However, it is an established legal and logical principle that a legal subject, with the possible exception of a recognised agency construction with an existing principal, cannot enter into an agreement with himself and that any attempt to establish such a construction is necessarily doomed to complete nullity. In the initial editions of LAWSA, this principle was repeated without qualification with regard to a representative construction: “a contract is a juristic act for which expressions of common intention by at least two persons are required”. The later qualification in the case law applies only to the said existing principal and agency arrangements.
The envisaged future trust inter vivos can be established, however, at the earliest after all the parties involved have signed the document to express their agreement to the terms incorporated in the agreement. Until then, there is still no trust, and no one can “in an official capacity”, in the sense that Honoré argues that trusteeship is an “office”, represent the non-existent trust.
Where a person seeks to conclude an alleged agreement with himself, the law attaches as little value to it as to an arbitrary New Year’s resolution – no legal consequences flow from it. Such an “agreement” is ab initio void and without any legal consequences. Void agreements cannot later be rectified. This is not to be confused with an incorrectly recorded agreement where any of the parties to the existing agreement is entitled to rely on their real consensus and to have the document formally corrected to express their true common intention.
Apparently, the trust deed in the example of the XYZ Trust above is void from the outset regardless of whether or not the master of the high court officially registered it later. The administrative act of registration by the master cannot amend the legal position and breathe legal life into a void document.
It is submitted that there is an easy way out of the self-caused “practice crisis” where the naïve use of the trusted template of the trust deeds unintentionally jeopardises the validity of these trusts because of the unnecessary cloning of the founder as primary trustee. The trusted template should be amended so that the founder does not allegedly contract with himself as trustee but merely enters into the agreement with the other two persons identified as the original trustees of the XYZ Trust. In order to give effect where applicable to the interest of the founder to retain as a trustee (albeit effectively as one of the controlling trustees) say in the execution of “his” trust, a simple additional conditional clause may provide for a resolutive condition that applies if the other two trustees with whom he as founder initially signed the trust deed do not enter into an agreement with him within the prescribed period in order to add him as an additional trustee on his acceptance of all the controlling powers provided for in the deed. The template often provides for the later appointment of additional trustees: “The current trustees are as scheduled in the preamble to this deed … but the trustees are entitled to appoint additional trustees of their own choice … .”