The Historical Development of International Organisations with Separate Legal Personality Since the 19th Century

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

The Historical Development of International Organisations with Separate Legal Personality Since the 19th Century

Authors Michelle Frances Diers

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: University of Pretoria
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 47 – 70

Abstract

An examination of the development of the separate legal personality of international organisations since the 19th century demonstrates that international organisations do in fact exist as separate legal entities that operate independently from the states that establish them. Notably, when an international organisation is established, it is the founding members of these organisations who determine whether the organisation will possess separate legal personality or not. Such personality may be granted either expressly or by implication. Consequent to the existence of the separate legal personality of international organisations, these entities may possess rights and duties under international law. It is therefore clear that these organisations may be held responsible for the breach of a primary obligation that arises pursuant to the conduct of the organisation in question.

The Unsettled Question of Al-Bashir’s Immunity : a Case Note on the ICC Minority Opinion of Judge Perrin de Brichambaut

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

The Unsettled Question of Al-Bashir’s Immunity : a Case Note on the ICC Minority Opinion of Judge Perrin de Brichambaut

Authors Isabeau Steytler

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: University of Melbourne, Australia
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 71 – 99

Abstract

In July 2017, Pre-Trial Chamber II of the International Criminal Court (ICC) delivered two opinions on the alleged non-compliance of South Africa in failing to arrest the Sudanese president, Omar Al-Bashir, while he was within its territory in 2015. The judgments concern the vexed question in international criminal law of whether there is a duty on ICC states parties to arrest a head of state for whom the ICC has issued an arrest warrant, despite the immunity from arrest which heads of state enjoy under customary international law. Both the Majority and the Minority Opinion found that there was a duty on South Africa to arrest Al-Bashir but each relied on different reasoning, or ‘legal avenues’ as they are referred to in this article. The subject of this case note is the Minority Opinion as it uniquely considers each of the most prominent legal avenues relied on by previous courts and in the literature. This note provides an analysis of the Minority Opinion’s reasoning in respect of each avenue, namely the ‘analogy avenue’, ‘Genocide Convention avenue’, ‘waiver avenue’ and ‘customary international law avenue’. It concludes that none of these avenues can be firmly relied upon yet, and that the question is therefore yet to be definitively resolved.

The International Law Commission is 70… Staying with the Old and Playing with the New? Reflections on the Work of the Commission During its Commemorative Year

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

The International Law Commission is 70… Staying with the Old and Playing with the New? Reflections on the Work of the Commission During its Commemorative Year

Authors Dire Tladi

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: University of Pretoria, UN International Law Commission and Institut de Droit International
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 100 – 118

Abstract

In 2018, the International Law Commission (ILC) celebrated its 70th anniversary. In this commemorative year, the Commission had a number of topics on its agenda. It completed, on second reading, draft conclusions on the identification of customary international law and draft conclusions on subsequent practice in relation to treaty interpretation. These two topics are of particular importance because of their systemic influence on international law. The Commission also completed, on first reading, the draft guidelines on the protection of the atmosphere and the draft guidelines on the provisional application of treaties. Other topics considered by the Commission include peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens), immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction and the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. The Commission also considered the topic on succession of states in respect of state responsibility. In other decisions, the Commission placed on its agenda the topic of general principles of law. The Commission also included two topics on its long-term programme of work, namely universal criminal jurisdiction and sea-level rise in international law. The topics on the agenda of the Commission reflect the broad spectrum of issues, ranging from classical international law topics such as customary international law, treaties and jus cogens to more contemporary topics such as sea-level rise and the protection of the atmosphere. This range suggests that the Commission is attempting to integrate the new and the old into its work.

The Requirement of ‘Awareness’ as a Precondition for the Existence of a ‘Legal Dispute’ Under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the ICJ

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

The Requirement of ‘Awareness’ as a Precondition for the Existence of a ‘Legal Dispute’ Under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the ICJ

Authors George Barrie

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 121 – 130

Abstract

In October 2016 the International Court of Justice (ICJ) handed down judgments in the so-called Marshall Islands cases. The Marshall Islands were seeking an order from the ICJ, declaring that the United Kingdom (UK), India and Pakistan were in breach of its obligations under the NPT and customary international law. This article focuses on the claim against the UK. The ICJ on the narrowest of majorities dismissed the claim on the sole ground that a ‘legal dispute’ did not exist between the parties and that, by virtue of article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute, the court had no jurisdiction to proceed with the case. The court held that a ‘legal dispute’ under article 36(2) implied that a respondent state was ‘aware or could not have been unaware’ that its actions were opposed by the applicant state. This introduction of the requirement of ‘awareness’ to indicate that a legal dispute under 36(2) exists now places a higher burden on applicant states and has created a new hurdle to be overcome by applicate states. The case was decided by the casting vote of the president and the minority judgments were highly critical of the majority. The decision raises the question whether the ICJ’s make-up has not become ill-suited to handling multilateral global security disputes.

Introduction – The Inaugral John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

Introduction – The Inaugral John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018

Authors Hennie Strydom

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 133 – 134

Abstract

The inaugural John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018. In 2015, a steering committee made up of myself and other members of the South African Branch of the International Law Association (ILA) commenced our planning for hosting the 77th Biennial Conference of the ILA, which was to take place in Sandton in August 2016, two years after our hosting bid was approved by the Executive Committee of the ILA in London.

South Africa and International Law: a Tribute to John Dugard – The Inaugural John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

South Africa and International Law: a Tribute to John Dugard – The Inaugural John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018

Authors James Crawford

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: International Court of Justice
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 135 – 154

Abstract

It is a great honour and privilege to be invited to give the inaugural John Dugard Lecture in International Law, in the presence of John Dugard himself. For me, this occasion is an intermingling of the professional and the personal, so much so that I hardly know where the one stops and the other begins.

Closure – the Inaugural John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

Closure – the Inaugural John Dugard Lecture in International Law, University of Johannesburg, 25 October 2018

Authors Max du Plessis

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: KwaZulu-Natal Bar, Thulamela Chambers, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Chatham House London, UK and Griffith University, Australia
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 155 – 156

Abstract

It is an honour to have been invited to close this evening’s inaugural lecture: and what an honour indeed, to have Professor Crawford deliver the inaugural John Dugard Lecture. I can think of few people better suited to give the lecture than Professor Crawford.

Highlights from the Office of the Chief State Law Advisor (International Law): International Law in Practice

by | Sep 27, 2020 | SAYIL, SAYIL 2018

Highlights from the Office of the Chief State Law Advisor (International Law) – International Law in Practice

Authors Sandea de Wet

ISSN: 2521-2583
Affiliations: Department of International Relations and Cooperation
Source: South African Yearbook of International Law, 2018, p. 159 – 170

Abstract

The shifting and complex nature of contemporary international relations increasingly requires clear and coherent international law norms for the promotion of peace, security, promotion of human rights and socio-economic development. One of the challenges faced by states in working towards achieving the rule of law at the international level, is the proliferation of processes and fora in which international law norms are developed.

Fundamental procedural rights of civil litigants in Australia and South Africa: is there cause for concern? (part 2)

by | Aug 10, 2020 | TSAR, TSAR 2019 I4

Fundamental procedural rights of civil litigants in Australia and South Africa: is there cause for concern? (part 2)

Authors Wouter Le R De Vos and Theo Broodryk

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Associate Professor of Law, Curtin University, Western Australia; Visiting Professor, University of Johannesburg; Associate Professor and Manager: Legal Aid Clinic, University of Stellenbosch.
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 4, 2019, p. 627 – 639

Abstract

Die artikel oorweeg die verskillende wyses waarop fundamentele prosedurele regte van siviele litigante in beide Australië en Suid-Afrika erken word. Die artikel oorweeg verder die mate waartoe modern hervormings wat tot die siviele prosesregsisteme van voorafgaande jurisdiksies aangebring is hierdie regte beïnvloed. Die moderne hervormings wat in die artikel bespreek word hou primêr verband met die toenemende behoefte in hedendaagse gemeenregtelike sisteme aan prosedures wat daarop gemik is om siviele dispute op ’n goedkoper, vinniger en meer effektiewe wyse op te los. Die artikel oorweeg gevolglik of die Australiese- en Suid-Afrikaanse prosesregtelike sisteme op die regte pad is betreffende die beskerming van partye se fundamentele regte en of daar rede tot kommer behoort te wees. In beide Australië en Suid-Afrika speel geregtelike saakbestuur ’n toenemende belangrike rol gedurende litigasie, met die gevolg dat geregtelike saakbestuurders se magte voortdurend aan die uitbrei is. Daar bestaan ook voortdurende meedoënlose druk om weg te beweeg van verhore en om van alternatiewe geskilbeslegting, veral bemiddeling, gebruik te maak om siviele dispute op te los. In die artikel argumenteer die outeurs dat hierdie hervormings om verskeie redes ’n ontkenning van siviele litigante se fundamentele regte tot gevolg kan hê.

Die breë spektrum van magte wat aan geregtelike saakbestuurders verleen word om prosedurele beslissings te maak kan ’n nadelige effek hê op die wyse waarop ’n party sy of haar saak pleit en voorlê vir geskilbeslegting. In die artikel argumenteer die outeurs dat dit ’n onregverdigbare beperking op ’n party se reg om gehoor te word tot gevolg kan hê. Die outeurs argumenteer verder dat die toenemende beweging weg van verhore en meer na alternatiewe geskilbeslegting die belangrike grondwetlike rol van die howe in siviele geskilbeslegting en die ontwikkeling van die reg kan benadeel. Dit maak verder ook inbreuk op ’n persoon se reg op toegang tot die howe.