Citizenship by Naturalisation: Are Regulations 3(2)(b) and (c) to the South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1985 Invalid?

by | May 30, 2021 | SLR, SLR V32 I1

Citizenship by Naturalisation: Are Regulations 3(2)(b) and (c) to the South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1985 Invalid?

Author: Fareed Moosa

ISSN: 1996-2193
Affiliations: BProc (UWC), LLB (UWC), LLM (UCT), LLD (UWC), Professor and Head of Department: Mercantile and Labour Law, University of the Western Cape
Source: Stellenbosch Law Review, Volume 32 Issue 1, 2021, p. 71 – 92
https://doi.org/10.47348/SLR/v32/i1a4

Abstract

This article argues that regulation 3(2)(b), read with regulation 3(2)(c), issued pursuant to section 23(f) of the South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1995 (“1995 Act”), is invalid and ought to be set aside on judicial review. It is argued that they are inconsistent with sections 5(1)(c), (2), (5) and (9)(a) of the 1995 Act. This article shows that, whereas regulation 3(2)(b) requires a foreigner seeking citizenship to be physically present in South Africa and not be absent from the Republic for more than 90 days in each of the five years preceding the date of application for citizenship, no such physical presence requirement is contained in section 5(1)(c), or in section 5 of the 1995 Act in general, if read holistically. Section 5(1)(c) merely requires that an aspirant citizen be ordinarily resident in South Africa for five continuous years immediately preceding the lodgement of an application for citizenship. In the context of section 5(1)(c), the term “ordinarily resident” is interpreted as not requiring a physical presence in South Africa for any period of time during a calendar year. Rather, it merely requires that a foreigner must have sufficiently strong ties to South Africa to support a finding that his real home is there. Therefore, it is hypothesised that the Minister of Home Affairs acted ultra vires the 1995 Act when he issued regulations 3(2)(b) and (c).

Execution against Residential Immovable Property in terms of High Court Rule 46A

by | May 30, 2021 | SLR, SLR V32 I1

Execution against Residential Immovable Property in terms of High Court Rule 46A

Author: Reghard Brits

ISSN: 1996-2193
Affiliations: BComm (Law) LLB LLD, Associate Professor, Department of Mercantile Law, University of Pretoria
Source: Stellenbosch Law Review, Volume 32 Issue 1, 2021, p. 47 – 70
https://doi.org/10.47348/SLR/v32/i1a3

Abstract

This article provides an overview of and commentary on High Court Rule 46A, which deals with the procedural rules for executing a judgment debt against residential immovable property. Rule 46A focusses on two main aspects: determining if it is justified to sell the debtor’s home in execution and, if a sale is ordered, setting a reserve price at which the property is to be auctioned. Therefore, this article analyses the provisions of rule 46A that pertain to these two components, which also serve as two layers of protection for a debtor facing the loss of his or her home.

Bringing Gender and Class into the Frame: An Intersectional Analysis of the Decoloniality-As-Race Critique of the Use of Law for Social Change

by | May 30, 2021 | SLR, SLR V32 I1

Bringing Gender and Class into the Frame: An Intersectional Analysis of the Decoloniality-As-Race Critique of the Use of Law for Social Change

Authors: Jackie Dugard & Angela María Sánchez

ISSN: 1996-2193
Affiliations: BA LLB BAHons LLM MPhil PhD, Associate Professor, School of Law, University of the Witwatersrand; LLM student, Universidad de los Andes
Source: Stellenbosch Law Review, Volume 32 Issue 1, 2021, p. 24 – 46
https://doi.org/10.47348/SLR/v32/i1a2

Abstract

During 2017, South African decoloniality theorist Tshepo Madlingozi argued, in relation to the ongoing socio-political and economic exclusion of the black majority in South Africa, that the post-1994 rights-based constitutional order represents more continuity than rupture, consolidating a triumph of social justice over liberation and a privileging of the democratisation paradigm over the decolonisation one. In Madlingozi’s critique of the “neo-apartheid” social justice order, race continues to be the most important dividing line, and human rights constitute a western “perpetuation of the coloniality of being”. This argument resonates with broader contemporary critiques of the weak, compromising and imperial nature of human rights. Against this backdrop, we examine the potential, as well as the limits, of using human rights as a tool for social change. Engaging an intersectional analysis informed by the seminal work of Kimberlé Crenshaw and Nancy Fraser, we find that the focus on decoloniality-as-race obscures other critical fault lines to the detriment of progressive change, and that a radical reading of human rights is capable of correcting this flaw. We argue that the incorporation of gender and class lenses provides a powerful tool to change both the narrative about the drivers of inequality among capitalist democracies and the role of socio-economic rights adjudication within them. Our article is also an invitation to rethink the domestic constitutional histories of the global south by acknowledging rights-based redistributive transformations within the context of market and development policies, and to push for the uptake of rights to empower social struggle and tackle structural disadvantage.

Public Policy in Family Contracts, Part II: Antenuptial Contracts

by | May 30, 2021 | SLR, SLR V32 I1

Public Policy in Family Contracts, Part II: Antenuptial Contracts

Author: Elsje Bonthuys

ISSN: 1996-2193
Affiliations: BA LLB LLM (Stell) PhD (Cantab), Professor, University of the Witwatersrand
Source: Stellenbosch Law Review, Volume 32 Issue 1, 2021, p. 3 – 23
https://doi.org/10.47348/SLR/v32/i1a1

Abstract

This, the second part of an article on public policy in contracts between family members, focuses on legality in antenuptial contracts, particularly those which exclude all forms of sharing between spouses. The Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984 is now 35 years old and, apart from writing, it neither requires formalities to ensure that prospective spouses who enter into antenuptial contracts fully appreciate the consequences of their agreements, nor does it guarantee that the agreed upon property system is fair to both spouses. Instead, the focus is upon protecting the interests of third parties and creditors. The common-law principle of immutability makes it very onerous for parties to change the matrimonial property consequences during their marriage and, because the judicial discretion to order redistribution of benefits at divorce is limited to marriages concluded before the implementation of the Matrimonial Property Act, enforcement of antenuptial contracts at the termination of the marriage can lead to grossly unfair results. This unfairness has implications for gender equality, both because of gendered disparities in bargaining power at the conclusion of antenuptial contracts and legislation which limits the courts’ ability to deviate from contracts which mostly favour men, while retaining a discretion to deviate from contracts which tend to favour women. This article argues that the second leg of the public policy test, as articulated by the Constitutional Court in Barkhuizen v Napier can remedy the inadequacies in the statutory and common law by allowing the courts to consider inequalities in bargaining power and unfairness at the time of the enforcement of antenuptial contracts, in effect overriding the principle of immutability and creating a residual judicial discretion not to enforce an antenuptial contract.

Facilitating Trade and Strengthening Market Access in the Southern African Customs Union: A Focus on South Africa’s Customs Reform

by | May 18, 2021 | SAMLJ, SAMLJ V32 I3

Facilitating Trade and Strengthening Market Access in the Southern African Customs Union: A Focus on South Africa’s Customs Reform

Authors: Victor T Amadi & Patricia Lenaghan

ISSN: 1996-2185
Affiliations: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Comparative Law in Africa, University of Cape Town; Associate Professor, Department of Mercantile and Labour Law, University of the Western Cape
Source: South African Mercantile Law Journal, Volume 32 Issue 3, 2020, p. 309 – 333
https://doi.org/10.47348/SAMLJ/v32/i3a1

Abstract

In the modern business environment, emphasis is placed on timely production, requiring timely delivery and fast and predictable release of goods at the borders. Experiencing delays in the supply chain of goods increases transaction costs, which can, in consequence, raise the price of export and import products. South Africa is a developing state that needs to be competitive on every front to secure economic growth considering the current push towards the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). This article aims to tackle the issue of non-tariff barriers to trade, particularly restrictive customs and administrative procedures at border crossings in the Southern region, by exploring trade facilitation measures which can be crucial for integration and development. Trade facilitation regulates behind-the-border measures and encompasses reform of a country’s customs policies and infrastructure as customs operations can be characterised by a complex array of requirements for traders, including documentation requirements. This article accordingly examines how South Africa is evolving its customs environment to facilitate trade further and to enhance market access of goods into the country and the Southern region. South Africa has adopted a Custom Modernisation Programme (CMP) under the guidance of the South African Revenue Services (SARS). The adoption of this programme can potentially reduce the delays in trade transactions at border points.

Securing Shareholder Information in the Digital Age – An Analysis of the Proposed Amendments to Section 26 of the Companies Act

by | May 18, 2021 | SAMLJ, SAMLJ V32 I3

Securing Shareholder Information in the Digital Age – An Analysis of the Proposed Amendments to Section 26 of the Companies Act

Author: Mzukisi Njotini

ISSN: 1996-2185
Affiliations:Vice Dean (Teaching and Learning), Faculty of Law, University of Johannesburg
Source: South African Mercantile Law Journal, Volume 32 Issue 3, 2020, p. 334 – 359
https://doi.org/10.47348/SAMLJ/v32/i3a2

Abstract

Amending company legislation has become a common occurrence in South Africa. The legislature has passed a number of statutes to alter the principles regulating corporate entities. It is noteworthy that the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is the most substantial of these amending statutes. This Act harmonised the legal principles governing the operation of companies, and brought companies closer to the developmental needs of society. It sought to promote economic grown, investor confidence and foreign investment, and accelerate the transportation of goods and services globally. Because of the need for companies to continue to promote innovation, the legislature proposed measures to repeal certain provisions of the Companies Act. Clause 4 of the Companies Amendment Bill of 2018 contains the proposed changes. The provision supports one of the cardinal ideals of an information society — to improve the free flow of information. However, the challenge with the section 4 provisions is that they are likely to endanger the sanctity of personal information stored online. Specifically, it is not completely clear to what extent the proposed amendments will enhance the integrity of online information, as opposed to weakening it.

Residual Goodwill – A Case of Discontinued Marks: Beiersdorf AG v Koni Multinational Brands (Pty) Ltd

by | May 18, 2021 | SAMLJ, SAMLJ V32 I3

Residual Goodwill – A Case of Discontinued Marks: Beiersdorf AG v Koni Multinational Brands (Pty) Ltd

Author: Nomthandazo Mahlangu

ISSN: 1996-2185
Affiliations: Postgraduate assistant, Department of Mercantile Law,
University of South Africa
Source: South African Mercantile Law Journal, Volume 32 Issue 3, 2020, p. 360 – 388
https://doi.org/10.47348/SAMLJ/v32/i3a3

Abstract

The remedy in passing-off is directed against a representation made by the respondent that amounts to a misrepresentation that damages the goodwill of a business. The applicant in a passing-off claim must successfully establish its existing goodwill. In circumstances where the applicant’s business is abandoned, the accumulated goodwill may continue to subsist in the form of residual goodwill that is retained in the distinctive mark long after the business has ceased to exist. This article aims to explore whether the discontinued use of the get-up amounts to the abandonment of goodwill where the business continues, and whether residual goodwill subsists in the abandoned get-up, in the light of Beiersdorf AG v Koni Multinational Brands (Pty) Ltd 2019 BIP 23 (GJ). The article further examines the underlying challenges surrounding the application of the concept of residual goodwill, in particular where the applicant has abandoned the use of the mark or get-up, and the consequences that arise.

A Reflective Assessment of Selected Problematic Aspects of South Africa’s Appraisal Remedy Regime Against the Backdrop of Cilliers v La Concorde Holdings Ltd

by | May 18, 2021 | SAMLJ, SAMLJ V32 I3

A Reflective Assessment of Selected Problematic Aspects of South Africa’s Appraisal Remedy Regime Against the Backdrop of Cilliers v La Concorde Holdings Ltd

Authors: J Mudzamiri & PC Osode

ISSN: 1996-2185
Affiliations: LLD candidate, Nelson R Mandela School of Law, University of Fort Hare; Professor of Commercial Law and Regulation, Nelson R Mandela School of Law, University of Fort Hare
Source: South African Mercantile Law Journal, Volume 32 Issue 3, 2020, p. 389 – 406
https://doi.org/10.47348/SAMLJ/v32/i3a4

Abstract

Several policy rationales have been offered as justifications for the new appraisal remedy, including its functioning as a credible exit vehicle for disgruntled shareholders upon receipt of payment of a ‘fair value’ for their shares. However, against the backdrop of the High Court decision in Cilliers v LA Concorde Holdings Ltd, this article explores two problematic issues regarding the practical application of the appraisal remedy. The first issue relates to who may access the remedy, while the second relates to the complexity, costs, and rigidity of the procedure that must be followed to access successfully the inherent benefits of the appraisal remedy. The paper argues, in the first instance, that the court’s decision in Cilliers to allow disgruntled shareholders in a holding company to access appraisal rights in relation to a subsidiary is salutary; and, secondly, that the complexity, costs, and rigidity of the appraisal procedure can be alleviated through the revision of some of the underlying statutory provisions.

The Impact of Deepfakes on the Right to Identity: A South African Perspective

by | May 18, 2021 | SAMLJ, SAMLJ V32 I3

The Impact of Deepfakes on the Right to Identity: A South African Perspective

Author: Nomalanga Mashinini

ISSN: 1996-2185
Affiliations: Lecturer in Law, Rhodes University
Source: South African Mercantile Law Journal, Volume 32 Issue 3, 2020, p. 407 – 436
https://doi.org/10.47348/SAMLJ/v32/i3a5

Abstract

The right to identity aims to protect the subjective interests of individuals in their likeness, image, voice, and other distinctive personality attributes. The right to identity is legally recognised in South Africa, but deepfakes have a tendency to devalue this right. Deepfakes are created with deep learning software that enables users to create deceptive videos, sound recordings, and photographs of events and people that are indistinct from reality. This goes against a person’s right to control the use of their likeness. South African law does not directly regulate the creation and publication of deepfakes. Liability for the publication of deepfakes may be established using principles in different fields of law, such as the law of delict and criminal law. However, the dissemination of deepfakes on the internet continues to evolve, as they become more difficult to detect, and this necessitates a new perspective on how to provide sufficient remedies for victims whose right to identity is violated through deepfakes. It also calls for the refinement of establishing the liability of people who are tagged to deepfakes posted on social media. This article aims to highlight the challenges in protecting the right to identity and establishing liability under South African law in the context of deepfakes.

The taxation of dividend stripping transactions: a comparison between South Africa, Australia and Canada

by | May 13, 2021 | TSAR, TSAR 2021 I1

The taxation of dividend stripping transactions: a comparison between South Africa, Australia and Canada

Authors: L Tredoux & K Van der Linde

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, University of South Africa; Professor, Department of Mercantile Law, University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2021, p. 1 – 28
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2021/i1a1

Abstract

Dividend- of surplusstropery is een van die vele maniere waarop belastingbetalers hul belastingaanspreeklikheid kan uitskakel of aansienlik kan verlaag vergeleke met wat normaalweg verwag sou wees. ’n Belastingstelsel onderskei gewoonlik tussen die belasting op dividende en die op ander betalings wat verband hou met aandele. Alhoewel hierdie onderskeiding daarop gemik is om die negatiewe effek van ekonomiese dubbelbelasting te oorkom of te verminder, bied dit ook moontlikhede vir belasting-arbitrage, waar belastingbelastingbetalers en hul adviseurs uitkerings ten opsigte van aandele struktureer ten einde voordeel uit belastingkoersverskille te trek. Dividendstromingstrukture (dividend streaming) “stroop” ʼn maatskappy spreekwoordelik van sy wins deur middel van dividende op ʼn manier wat geen of baie min belastingaanspreeklikheid meebring. Daarteenoor onttrek kapitaalvoordeelstroming (capital benefit streaming) winste op ʼn belastingvriendelike manier uit wat onder normale omstandighede as dividende uitbetaal sou word. Die verlies aan belastinginkomste wat deur sulke skemas meegebring word is vanuit ʼn fiskale perspektief ongewens, en spesiale teenvermydingsmaatreëls word dikwels ingestel om die belastingbasis te herstel. Alhoewel vermydingskemas sekere kenmerke mag deel, hang die transaksies of reëlings wat gebruik word vir die onttrekking van dividende af van die tegniese kenmerke van elke belastingstelsel. Ons vergelyk die Suid-Afrikaanse, Australiese en Kanadese spesiale teenvermydingsreëls wat teen dividendstropery gemik is. Die oorkoepelende korporatiewe belastingstrukture in hierdie jurisdiksies verskil, maar tog is daar aansienlike ooreenstemming ten opsigte van die soorte skemas wat deur die reëls teen dividendstropery geteiken word, sowel as die regstellende belastingeffek sodra die reëls toegepas word. Die transaksie-eienskappe wat gebruik word om dividendstropingskemas te identifiseer waarop die spesiale teenvermydingsmaatreëls dan toegepas kan word, verskil egter in belangrike opsigte. Australië maak gebruik van die algemene teenvermydingsreël as ʼn primêre oplossing deur te bepaal dat sekere spesifieke dividendstropingskemas kwalifiseer as skemas vir die toepassing van die algemene reël. Daar moet steeds aan die oorblywende vereistes van die algemene teenvermydingsreël voldoen word, insluitend die vermydingsbedoeling. In Kanada is die spesifieke teenvermydingsbepalings dikwels gerig op transaksies met verwante partye, terwyl die algemene teenvermydingsreël as laaste uitweg gebruik word om transaksies aan te val wat nie aan die vereistes van spesifieke bepalings voldoen nie. Daarteenoor is die Suid- Afrikaanse spesifieke teenvermydingsbepalings geneig om op objektiewe, ietwat arbitrêre faktore staat te maak, in die meeste gevalle sonder om op die belastingpligtige se bedoeling ag te slaan. Soos die Kanadese benadering, kan die algemene teenvermydingsreël in Suid-Afrika ook toegepas word om belastingvermydingskemas te tref waar die spesifieke bepalings nie toegepas kan word nie. Ons stel verskeie verbeterings aan die Suid-Afrikaanse bepalings voor om die reikwydte van die dividendstropingsreëls uit te brei en hopelik ʼn einde te bring aan die kringloop van reaktiewe wetswysigings gevolg deur nog ʼn nuwe sarsie skemas.