Abstract

This paper critically examines the state of social security in Nigeria, focusing on its legal and institutional framework, implementation challenges, and alignment with international best practices. Social security is an essential tool for economic stability and social justice, yet Nigeria faces persistent challenges in ensuring comprehensive and effective coverage for its citizens. The paper analyses constitutional provisions alongside statutory instruments such as the Pension Reform Act (PRA), the Employees’ Compensation Act (ECA), and the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF). Particular attention is given to the transition from the Workmen’s Compensation Act to the ECA, which marked a shift from lump-sum payments to periodic compensations. By comparing Nigeria’s system with those of South Africa and Kenya, the paper highlights practical lessons and strategies for improvement. Additionally, it evaluates Nigeria’s compliance with International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions and the integration of international standards into local policies. The findings reveal critical gaps in the existing framework, institutional inefficiencies, and underutilisation of global best practices. The paper concludes with recommendations for reform, emphasising the need for robust enforcement mechanisms, institutional accountability, and a greater alignment with international standards to ensure a more inclusive and effective social security system in Nigeria.