Reimagining regional cooperation as a springboard for curbing piracy off the coast of Nigeria

by | Mar 12, 2023 | JCLA, JCLA V9 I2 2022

Reimagining regional cooperation as a springboard for curbing piracy off the coast of Nigeria

Author: Kalu Kingsley Anele

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLB, (IMSU) LLM, (Unilag), PhD (KMOU), Lecturer, Cultural Heritage Preservation Research Institute, Pusan National University
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 9 Issue 2, p. 33 – 70
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v9/i2a2

Abstract

Nigerian waters remain risky for navigation. Despite efforts by the Nigerian government to suppress piracy off its coast, little progress has been made. Moreover, Nigeria is ill-equipped, ill-prepared and lacks effective enforcement of the extant piracy legal regime due to an inefficient institutional framework to combat piracy suo motu. This paper suggests the adoption of the regional cooperation mechanism to curb piracy in Nigeria, given the number of piracy incidents off its coast and the fact that the coast extends to the waters of neighbouring countries. Additionally, Nigerian piracy affects the navigational and geostrategic importance of the Gulf of Guinea to the global energy supply and international trade, and it implicates regional trade agreements in Africa. The research methodology is a dialectical analysis of data, legal instruments, and scholarly publications. Also, this research uses the application of anti-piracy regional cooperation agendas in other piracy hotspots to suggest the adoption of regional cooperation to suppress Nigerian piracy. The results reveal that attempts to curb piracy in Nigeria have been futile because the country lacks the political will to eliminate the causes of piracy. Since Nigerian piracy has a regional effect, regional cooperation would be apt to suppress this crime. Legal instruments, soft laws, regional agreements and international maritime organisations promote regional cooperation in combating piracy. Consequently, the paper explores factors that bolster and sustain regional cooperation as a means of repressing piracy off the Nigerian coast.

The role of non-governmental organisations in advancing good governance and development through regional institutions in Africa

by | Mar 12, 2023 | JCLA, JCLA V9 I2 2022

The role of non-governmental organisations in advancing good governance and development through regional institutions in Africa

Authors: Chebo Tamajong Nfor, Atupele Masangala, Julieth Gudo

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLLB, LLM, PhD candidate (UCT), postgraduate teaching assistant and researcher at the Centre for Comparative Law in Africa, Department of Commercial Law, UCT; LLM, LLB (Honours), law lecturer, University of Malawi;PhD Law, LLM, LLB, postdoctoral research fellow, Centre for Comparative Law in Africa, Faculty of Law, UCT
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 9 Issue 2, p. 71 – 101
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v9/i2a3

Abstract

Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Africa, as people’s representatives, play an essential role in advancing good governance, human rights and development on the continent. They have cemented their role alongside international and regional institutions, organisations and state governments. NGOs have made extensive contributions to democracy and development in Africa. They have a history of challenging poor governance and human rights contraventions, and advancing development on the continent through regional institutions such as regional courts, regional bodies and other regional networks. However, these roles have not been critically studied. There is a lack of in-depth analysis of the different methods used by NGOs in promoting good governance and development through African regional institutions. This paper identifies and examines the various tools that NGOs employ in advancing good governance and development on the continent. The paper discusses the recognition of NGOs by regional institutions and how international and regional law protects their involvement in and participation on the continent. It further outlines how NGOs have used various regional legal institutions and other regional bodies to protect the rights and interests of the people. The paper demonstrates that while the role of NGOs in advancing good governance and development on the continent is progressive, many challenges hinder this role, such as stringent rules for eligibility and application to implement certain functions, lack of access to key resources that facilitate their participation and lack of clarity on the legal instruments that govern NGOs.

Female genital mutilation in Nigeria and Burkina Faso: Safeguarding the rights of women and girls in Africa

by | Mar 12, 2023 | JCLA, JCLA V9 I2 2022

Female genital mutilation in Nigeria and Burkina Faso: Safeguarding the rights of women and girls in Africa

Author: Olaitan O. Olusegun

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 9 Issue 2, p. 102 – 136
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v9/i2a4

Abstract

Article 2 of the Convention against the Elimination of Discrimination against Women explicitly prohibits violence against women, which was defined to include Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). FGM is a practice which is entrenched in African culture. Archaic as this practice is, it is widely carried out in several countries, with its attendant deleterious effects. Nigeria and Burkina Faso have a high prevalence of FGM but have made legislative efforts to curb the practice. Burkina Faso has, however, employed additional measures to ensure their laws” enforcement, which has effectively changed the cultural attitudes of several communities towards FGM in the country. This study uses a doctrinal approach to examine the prevalence, mode of operation and legal framework enacted to protect girls and women from FGM in Nigeria and Burkina Faso. It further discusses the efforts taken in Burkina Faso to implement and enforce their laws, in addition to the challenges inherent in enforcing FGM, laws in Nigeria. This article found that enforcement of laws is key to eliminating FGM and Nigeria needs to take urgent measures to enforce their FGM legislation like Burkina Faso.

Notes: The Krugersdorp gang rapes — Another Tshabalala v S; Ntuli v S?

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

Notes: The Krugersdorp gang rapes — Another Tshabalala v S; Ntuli v S?

Author: Jolandi le Roux-Bouwer

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Professor of Law, University of South Africa
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 1-16
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a1

Abstract

This note assesses the application of the common purpose doctrine to the crime of gang rape. The recent gang rape of eight women in West Village, Krugersdorp on 28 July 2022 received wide media coverage. If and when there is a prosecution, the courts will have to adjudicate on the application of the common purpose doctrine to the newly defined statutory crime of rape. The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters Amendment) Act 32 of 2007 (‘SORMA’) came into effect on 16 December 2007. The Constitutional Court, in Tshabalala v S; Ntuli v S 2020 (2) SACR 38 (CC), held that the common purpose doctrine was applicable to the autographic crime of common-law rape. Since the alleged crimes had occurred in 1998, SORMA was not applicable in this case. If the Krugersdorp gang rape incident reaches the Constitutional Court the case may provide the court with the opportunity to elucidate on the practical impact of its decision in Tshabalala v S; Ntuli v S.

Notes: Do retirement funds have a right to transfer accrued retirement benefits without non-member spouses’ consent? An analysis of the Collatz matter

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

Notes: Do retirement funds have a right to transfer accrued retirement benefits without non-member spouses’ consent? An analysis of the Collatz matter

Author: Motseotsile Clement Marumoagae

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Associate Professor, University of the Witwatersrand; Visiting Associate Professor, National University of Lesotho
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 17-37
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a2

Abstract

Neither the legislature nor the courts have adequately determined how to regulate benefits that retirement fund members married in community of property derive a right to claim before their death. It illustrates the failure of the courts to assess the intersection between matrimonial principles and pension rules when faced with nonmember spouses who argue that their deceased member spouses’ retirement benefits accrued to their joint estates. The courts need to consider seriously the applicability of matrimonial principles before retirement benefits can be treated as death benefits. Further, the note demonstrates that the courts over-emphasise the role of pension rules and totally disregard matrimonial principles, thereby depriving surviving non-member spouses of their share of the accrued retirement benefits. This note further argues that the legislature should urgently intervene.

Notes: Municipal crisis: A justifiable limitation of political rights

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

Notes: Municipal crisis: A justifiable limitation of political rights

Author: Matt Williams

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Candidate Attorney, Webber Wentzel
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 38-52
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a3

Abstract

Section 56A of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 provided for the limitation of the political rights of municipal managers and managers directly accountable to municipal managers. The South African Municipal Workers Union (SAMWU) challenged the constitutionality of s 56A on both procedural and substantive grounds in the High Court. The substantive ground related to whether s 56A was a justifiable limitation of the s 19(1) right to make free political choices. Having found for SAMWU on procedural grounds the High Court did not decide the substantive ground. The Constitutional Court confirmed the High Court’s order. The nett result is that there has not been a judicial pronouncement on whether s 56A is a justifiable limitation of political rights. The successor provision to s 56A is s 71B, which was inserted into the Act by s 9 of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Amendment Act 3 of 2022. This provision provides for the limitation of the political rights of municipal staff members. In the absence of a judicial pronouncement on this issue, this note applies a justification analysis in terms of s 36 of the Constitution and finds that s 71B is a justifiable limitation of the right to make free political choices.

Customary international law is law in South Africa — Now what? Analysing the courts’ identification and application of customary international law over the last decade

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

Customary international law is law in South Africa — Now what? Analysing the courts’ identification and application of customary international law over the last decade

Author: Andreas Coutsoudis

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Advocate, KwaZulu-Natal Bar; Honorary Research Fellow, University of KwaZulu-Natal
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 53-94
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a4

Abstract

Customary international law is law in South Africa as much as property law, company law or contract law. It may not be as frequently relevant or applicable as many parts of domestic law. Courts and domestic legal practitioners may not be as familiar with its contours, nuances and methods of identification. But it is precisely for these reasons that it matters more, not less, how courts, legal practitioners and the parties they represent approach it. This article describes and analyses South African courts’ engagement with customary international law, particularly over the last decade. The analysis reveals that important issues of customary international law are determined and applied by South African courts. Thus, customary international law cannot be avoided; nor should it be. However, the analysis also reveals that the courts’ engagement with customary international law would benefit from a more reflective, rigorous and considered approach. Building on the analysis and description of South African courts’ past identification and application of customary international law, the article offers suggestions for how the road ahead ought to be navigated. It is past time for South African courts to give proper consideration as to how, both procedurally and substantively, they and the parties before them ought to approach the identification of customary international law. For customary international law is not some exotic and indeterminate set of rules emanating from another legal system. It is part of South African law. The sooner it is fully treated as such, the better it will be for courts, practitioners, litigants, and international law more generally.

Intervention in South African municipalities: Dangers and remedies

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

Intervention in South African municipalities: Dangers and remedies

Authors: Victoria Bronstein & Daryl Glaser

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Associate Professor of Law, University of the Witwatersrand; Professor of Political Studies, University of the Witwatersrand
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 95-125
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a5

Abstract

South Africa’s Constitution guarantees municipal autonomy; at the same time it enjoins the different elements of the state to co-ordinate their efforts through ‘co-operative government’ and, in conjunction with legislation, it under some circumstances permits (or even requires) provincial and national government to intervene in local government affairs to secure effective government and oversight. These powers of intervention, justified by reference to s 139 of the Constitution, range from disciplining errant councillors to the forced dissolution of non-performing municipalities. Some welcome such intervention as a counterweight to local-level corruption and inefficiency, but in a partisan environment, especially where different spheres are controlled by different parties or coalitions accountable to distinctive electorates, these powers of intervention are, we argue, open to political abuse. This abuse is likely to become more prevalent as unstable local coalition governments become more common, providing more pretexts for intervention and opportunities for councillors in political minorities to subvert their own councils in the hope of inviting intervention by higher-tier actors associated with their own party. In line with the 2021 Constitutional Court case censuring the dissolution of Tshwane Municipality by the Gauteng government, we argue for restricting grounds for intervention, especially more radical forms of intervention. As far as possible, the task of removing corrupt and inefficient local councils and councillors should be left to local voters.

A legislative framework for shareholder approval of political donations and expenditure by companies in South Africa

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

A legislative framework for shareholder approval of political donations and expenditure by companies in South Africa

Author: Vela Madlela

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, Department of Mercantile Law, University of South Africa
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 126-169
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a6

Abstract

Political donations and expenditure by companies raise serious concerns due to poor corporate governance practices, which include the lack of accountability of directors to shareholders. The shareholders’ right to vote is one of the company-law mechanisms that may be used to control the directors’ discretion regarding political donations and expenditure. However, the Companies Act 71 of 2008 does not give shareholders the right to approve a company’s political donations or expenditure. Consequently, the directors enjoy a wide general discretion regarding a company’s political donations and expenditure. The article examines certain key policy considerations concerning the introduction of prior shareholder approval of political donations and expenditure by companies in South Africa. It examines the legislative requirements regarding shareholder approval of political donations and expenditure in the UK under Part 14 of the Companies Act, 2006, the philosophical rationale underpinning these legislative requirements, and the extent to which the introduction of shareholder approval of political donations and expenditure in the UK has achieved the underlying objectives of promoting transparency and accountability. The article then advocates for the introduction of the requirement for prior shareholder approval of political donations and expenditure under the South African Companies Act, and provides detailed recommendations on how such requirements could be implemented.

Reflecting on the tension between the development of the common law and the doctrine of separation of powers in Paulsen v Slip Knot Investments 777 (Pty) Ltd

by | Feb 19, 2023 | SALJ, SALJ V140 I1 2023

Reflecting on the tension between the development of the common law and the doctrine of separation of powers in Paulsen v Slip Knot Investments 777 (Pty) Ltd

Author: Ndivhuwo Ishmel Moleya

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Attorney of the High Court of South Africa
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 140 Issue 1, p. 170-193
https://doi.org/10.47348/SALJ/v140/i1a7

Abstract

This article analyses the adjudicative approaches adopted by the main judgment of Madlanga J and the concurring majority judgment of Moseneke DCJ in Paulsen & another v Slip Knot Investments 777 (Pty) Ltd 2015 (3) SA 479 (CC). The point of divergence between the judgments concerns the discordant relationship between the doctrine of separation of powers and the powers of the courts to develop the common law under s 39(2) of the Constitution. The argument developed in this article is that the developmental powers of the courts should not be curtailed on the basis of a broadly and vaguely conceptualised doctrine of separation of powers, but on a clear and circumscribed doctrine that is congruent with the transformative objectives of s 39(2) of the Constitution. The article endeavours to set out the limited circumstances under which the developmental powers of the courts should be limited in terms of the doctrine of separation of powers.