Abstract

With the expansion of liberal, constitutional and representative systems, the so-called long nineteenth century (1780–1914) in the United States is regarded as a transformative period in the development of democracy. Whilst voting and party politics have become central to democratic practice, the right to petition, enshrined in the First Amendment to the US Constitution, historically played a pivotal role in American political life. Petitions provided disenfranchised groups, including women, immigrants and African and native Americans with a way to actively engage in political processes reserved for the voting public discourse. Importantly, during this period, petitions were not merely symbolic, but were an active tool for democratic participation that empowered marginalised groups and contributed to the shaping of American democracy. Scholars emphasise the significance of petitioning as a powerful, inclusive form of political engagement, often more accessible than voting, especially when rights were limited. In contrast to today’s focus on voting and party politics, petitioning provided a vital alternative avenue for political participation, bridging the gap between elections. However, the historical importance of this right has been largely forgotten in contemporary political discourse, with recent Supreme Court opinions indicating a lack of understanding regarding its constitutional significance. The disregard for petitioning in modern democracy has contributed to a narrowing of democratic engagement. By revisiting the history of petitioning, this contribution aims to reconsider the historical role of petitioning in democracy in the US, exploring its potential to complement electoral politics and to strengthen participatory democracy in contemporary settings. The justification for this study arises from the growing interdisciplinary interest in petitions and the practice of petitioning across diverse historical and contemporary contexts.